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Phylogeographic Patterns of mtDNA Variation Revealed Multiple Glacial Refugia for the Frog Species Feirana taihangnica Endemic to the Qinling Mountains

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Abstract

Diversification patterns and demography of montane species are affected by Pleistocene climate fluctuations. Empirical cases from the Qinling Mountains (QM) region, which is a major biogeographic divider of East Asia, are few. We used DNA sequence data of the complete mitochondrial ND2 gene to detect effects of the Pleistocene glaciations on phylogeographic profiles of a frog species, Feirana taihangnica, which is endemic to the QM. Four distinct lineages consisting of seven sublineages were revealed. The strongest signal of biogeographical structure (F ct = 0.971, P < 0.01) was found when populations were grouped according to these seven sublineages. One narrow secondary contact zone was detected in the middle QM between the lineage from middle QM and the lineage from eastern QM. Coalescent simulations indicated that this species colonized the QM region by a stepping-stone model. Divergences among lineages had likely been influenced by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the late Miocene-to-late Pleistocene, as well as by the Pleistocene climatic cycles. Coalescent simulations also suggested that F. taihangnica populations have persisted through the Pleistocene glacial periods in multiple refugia across the QM region. Demographic analyses indicated that all lineages, except the lineage in the Funiu Mountains, have been experienced postglacial expansion of population size and distribution range. In conclusion, Pleistocene climate fluctuations and tectonic changes during the late Miocene-late Pleistocene have profoundly influenced the phylogeography and historical demography of F. taihangnica.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Gang Liang, Xiaohong Chen, Junhua Hu, Xin Yang, and Rongchuan Xiong for their help in the collection of samples. Also thanks to JinZhong Fu from University of Guelph and Li Ding for polishing this manuscript. This study was supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC-31071906 and NSFC-31270568 granted to Jianping Jiang, NSFC-31172055 to Cheng Li, and NSFC-31201702 to Bin Wang), the field front project of the knowledge innovation program of CAS (KSCX2-EW-J-22, Y1C2021200, Y1B3021), and Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization in CIB of CAS and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province.

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  1. Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, 610041, China

    Bin Wang, Jianping Jiang, Feng Xie & Cheng Li

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  1. Bin Wang
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  2. Jianping Jiang
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  3. Feng Xie
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  4. Cheng Li
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Correspondence to Jianping Jiang.

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239_2013_9544_MOESM1_ESM.xls

Table S1 Number of shared haplotypes for each pair of the 17 sampled populations of Feirana taihangnica. Populations 1–17 were given in Table 1. (XLS 26 kb)

239_2013_9544_MOESM2_ESM.xls

Table S2 Fst among the 17 sampled populations of Feirana taihangnica. Populations 1–17 were given in Table 1. * P > 0.05. (XLS 29 kb)

239_2013_9544_MOESM3_ESM.xls

Table S3 Fst among groups in different grouping arrangements according to phylogenetic arrays and geographic occurrences for populations of Feirana taihangnica. All P < 0.01. (XLS 27 kb)

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Wang, B., Jiang, J., Xie, F. et al. Phylogeographic Patterns of mtDNA Variation Revealed Multiple Glacial Refugia for the Frog Species Feirana taihangnica Endemic to the Qinling Mountains. J Mol Evol 76, 112–128 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-013-9544-5

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