Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Episodic Molecular Evolution of Pituitary Growth Hormone in Cetartiodactyla

  • Published:
Journal of Molecular Evolution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The sequence of growth hormone (GH) is generally strongly conserved in mammals, but episodes of rapid change occurred during the evolution of primates and artiodactyls, when the rate of GH evolution apparently increased substantially. As a result the sequences of higher primate and ruminant GHs differ markedly from sequences of other mammalian GHs. In order to increase knowledge of GH evolution in Cetartiodactyla (Artiodactyla plus Cetacea) we have cloned and characterized GH genes from camel (Camelus dromedarius), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), and giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), using genomic DNA and a polymerase chain reaction technique. As in other mammals, these GH genes comprise five exons and four introns. Two very similar GH gene sequences (encoding identical proteins) were found in each of hippopotamus and giraffe. The deduced sequence for the mature hippopotamus GH is identical to that of dolphin, in accord with current ideas of a close relationship between Cetacea and Hippopotamidae. The sequence of camel GH is identical to that reported previously for alpaca GH. The sequence of giraffe GH is very similar to that of other ruminants but differs from that of nonruminant cetartiodactyls at about 18 residues. The results demonstrate that the apparent burst of rapid evolution of GH occurred largely after the separation of the line leading to ruminants from other cetartiodactyls.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • SS Abdel-Meguid H-S Shieh WW Smith HE Dayringer BN Violand LA Bentle (1987) ArticleTitleThree-dimensional structure of a genetically engineered variant of porcine growth hormone Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84 6434–6437 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXls1yqtr0%3D Occurrence Handle2819877

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • RM Adkins J Vandeberg W-H Li (2000) ArticleTitleMolecular evolution of growth hormone and receptor in the guinea-pig, a mammal unresponsive to growth hormone Gene 246 357–363 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXitlersLw%3D Occurrence Handle10767558

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • RM Adkins A Nekrutenko W-H Li (2001) ArticleTitleBushbaby growth hormone is much more similar to nonprimate growth hormones than to rhesus monkey and human growth hormones Mol Biol Evol 18 55–60 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhtVSms7g%3D Occurrence Handle11141192

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T Amit Z Hochberg MJ Waters RJ Barkey (1992) ArticleTitleGrowth hormone- and prolactin-binding proteins in mammalian serum Endocrinology 131 1793–1803 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXhs1GntQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle1396325

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T Amit C Dibner RJ Barkey (1997) ArticleTitleCharacterization of prolactin- and growth hormone-binding proteins in milk and their diversity among species Mol Cell Endocrinol 130 167–180 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXktlCgtLY%3D Occurrence Handle9220032

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • U Arnason A Gullberg S Gretarsdottir B Ursing A Janke (2000) ArticleTitleThe mitochondrial genome of the sperm whale and a new molecular reference for estimating eutherian divergence dates J Mol Evol 50 569–578 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXksFWnu7s%3D Occurrence Handle10835487

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • G Bernardi (2000) ArticleTitleIsochores and the evolutionary genomics of vertebrates Gene 241 3–17 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00485-0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXotVGksrw%3D Occurrence Handle10607893

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Biscoglio de Jimenez Bonino I Arnao de Nue R Ore D Sanchez P Ferrara J Capdevielle O Cascone (1991) ArticleTitlePrimary structure of alpaca growth hormone Int J Peptide Protein Res 38 193–197 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xmt1Knt7s%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R Breathnach P Chambon (1981) ArticleTitleOrganization and expression of eucaryotic split genes coding for proteins Annu Rev Biochem 50 349–383 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXkslGmtb0%3D Occurrence Handle6791577

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • P Bucher (1990) ArticleTitleWeight matrix descriptions of four eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoter elements derived from 502 unrelated promoter sequences J Mol Biol 212 563–578 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXktFyrsr8%3D Occurrence Handle2329577

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • HF Cadman M Wallis (1981) ArticleTitleAn investigation of sites that bind human somatotropin (growth hormone) in the liver of the pregnant rabbit Biochem J 198 605–614 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL38XotVansA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle6275854

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • EY Chen Y-C Liao DH Smith HA Barrera-Saldana RE Gelinas PH Seeburg (1989) ArticleTitleThe human growth hormone locus: nucleotide sequence, biology, and evolution Genomics 4 479–497 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXhtFehsLw%3D Occurrence Handle2744760

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • AM Vos ParticleDe M Ultsch AA Kossiakoff (1992) ArticleTitleHuman growth hormone and extracellular domain of its receptor: crystal structure of the complex Science 255 306–312 Occurrence Handle1549776

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L Duret M Semon G Piganeau D Mouchiroud N Galtier (2002) ArticleTitleVanishing GC-rich isochores in mammalian genomes Genetics 162 1837–1847 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXht1ajs7s%3D Occurrence Handle12524353

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NL Eberhardt S-W Jiang AR Shepard AM Arnold MA Trujillo (1996) ArticleTitleHormonal and cell-specific regulation of the human growth hormone and chorionic somatomammotropin genes Progr Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 54 127–163 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xltlajurw%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T Endo K Ikeo T Gojobori (1996) ArticleTitleLarge-scale search for genes on which positive selection may operate Mol Biol Evol 13 685–690 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xis1Sms7s%3D Occurrence Handle8676743

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felsenstein J (1993) PHYLIP (phylogeny inference package), version 3.5c. Distributed by the author. Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle

  • IA Forsyth M Wallis (2002) ArticleTitleGrowth hormone and prolactin—Molecular and functional evolution J Mamm Gland Biol Neoplasia 7 291–312

    Google Scholar 

  • J Gatesy (1997) ArticleTitleMore DNA support for a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae clade: The blood-clotting protein gene γ-fibrinogen Mol Biol Evol 14 537–543 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjtVGnsb0%3D Occurrence Handle9159931

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J Gatesy MA O’Leary (2001) ArticleTitleDeciphering whale origins with molecules and fossils Trends Ecol Evol 16 562–570

    Google Scholar 

  • J Gatesy C Hayashi MA Cronin P Arctander (1996) ArticleTitleEvidence from milk casein genes that cetaceans are close relatives of hippopotamid artiodactyls Mol Biol Evol 13 954–963 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XltlSmsLg%3D Occurrence Handle8752004

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • V Goffin KT Shiverick PA Kelly JA Martial (1996) ArticleTitleSequence-function relationships within the expanding family of prolactin, growth hormone, placental lactogen, and related proteins in mammals Endocr Rev 17 385–410 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xltl2mt70%3D Occurrence Handle8854051

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D Graur DG Higgins (1994) ArticleTitleMolecular evidence for the inclusion of cetaceans within the order artiodactyla Mol Biol Evol 11 357–364 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXivFCqsbc%3D Occurrence Handle8015431

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J Herrington C Carter-Su (2001) ArticleTitleSignaling pathways activated by the growth hormone receptor Trends Endocrinol Metab 12 252–257 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXltVarsLc%3D Occurrence Handle11445442

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DG Higgins PM Sharp (1988) ArticleTitleCLUSTAL: A package for performing multiple sequence alignment on a microcomputer Gene 73 237–244 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXhtV2ns74%3D Occurrence Handle3243435

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • JP Hughes HP Elsholtz HG Friesen (1985) Growth hormone and prolactin receptors BI Posner (Eds) Polypeptide hormone receptors Dekker New York 157–199

    Google Scholar 

  • RG Kleineidam G Pesole HJ Breukelman JJ Beintema RA Kastelein (1999) ArticleTitleInclusion of cetaceans within the order Artiodactyla based on phylogenetic analysis of pancreatic ribonuclease genes J Mol Evol 48 360–368 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhs1yls7k%3D Occurrence Handle10093226

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • AA Kossiakoff AM Vos ParticleDe (1999) ArticleTitleStructural basis for cytokine hormone-receptor recognition and receptor activation Adv Protein Chem 52 67–108

    Google Scholar 

  • M Krawczak NA Chuzhanova DN Cooper (1999) ArticleTitleEvolution of the proximal promoter region of the mammalian growth hormone gene Gene 237 143–151 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtlOls7o%3D Occurrence Handle10524245

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MC Lacroix E Devinoy JL Servely C Puissant G Kann (1996) ArticleTitleExpression of the growth hormone gene in ovine placenta: detection and cellular localization of the protein Endocrinology 137 4886–4892 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xms1Gjtbc%3D Occurrence Handle8895361

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A Lioupis OC Wallis M Wallis (1997) ArticleTitleCloning and characterisation of the gene encoding red deer (Cervus elaphus) growth hormone: Implications for the molecular evolution of growth hormone in artiodactyls J Mol Endocrinol 19 259–266 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXit1OgsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9460647

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • F-GR Liu MM Miyamoto NP Freire PQ Ong MR Tennant TS Young KF Gugel (2001a) ArticleTitleMolecular and morphological supertrees for eutherian (placental) mammals Science 291 1786–1789 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhslSku7k%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J-C Liu KD Makova RM Adkins S Gibson W-H Li (2001b) ArticleTitleEpisodic evolution of growth hormone in primates and emergence of the species specificity of human growth hormone receptor Mol Biol Evol 18 945–953 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXktFemtb8%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WP Maddison DR Maddison (1992) MacClade: Analysis of phylogeny and character evolution, version 3.0 Sinauer Sunderland, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • O Madsen M Scally CJ Douady DJ Kao RW DeBry R Adkins HM Amrine MJ Stanhope WW Jong Particlede MS Springer (2001) ArticleTitleParallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals Nature 409 610–614 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhtVygur4%3D Occurrence Handle11214318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Z Maniou OC Wallis M Wallis (2002) ArticleTitleCloning and characterization of the GH gene from the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) Gen Comp Endocrinol 127 300–306 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xmslaltb0%3D Occurrence Handle12225773

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • N Martinat A Anouassi JC Huet JC Pernollet V Segard Y Combarnous (1990) ArticleTitlePurification and partial characterization of growth hormone from the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) Dom Anim Endocr 7 527–536 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXisVSqsrk%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CA Matthee JD Burzlaff JF Taylor SK Davis (2001) ArticleTitleMining the mammalian genome for artiodactyl systematics Syst Biol 50 367–390 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zntVOnsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle12116581

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • W Messier C-B Stewart (1997) ArticleTitleEpisodic adaptive evolution of primate lysozymes Nature 385 151–154 Occurrence Handle10.1038/385151a0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXks1Sjug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle8990116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MM Miyamoto F Kraus PJ Laipis SM Tanhauser SD Webb (1993) Mitochondrial DNA phylogenies within Artiodactyla FS Szalay MJ Novacek MC McKenna (Eds) Mammal phylogeny, Vol 2. Placentals Springer-Verlag New York 268–281

    Google Scholar 

  • C Montgelard FM Catzeflis E Douzery (1997) ArticleTitlePhylogenetic relationships of artiodactyls and cetaceans as deduced from the comparison of cytochrome b and 12S rRNA mitochondrial sequences Mol Biol Evol 14 550–559 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjtVGnsbs%3D Occurrence Handle9159933

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • HR Mott ID Campbell (1995) ArticleTitleFour-helix bundle growth factors and their receptors: protein-protein interactions Curr Opinion Struct Biol 5 114–121 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXkt1Gqtro%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WJ Murphy E Eizirik SJ O’Brien O Madsen M Scally CJ Douady E Teeling OA Ryder MJ Stanhope WW Jong Particlede MS Springer (2001) ArticleTitleResolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics Science 294 2348–2351 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXptFGrtrg%3D Occurrence Handle11743200

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Nei T Gojobori (1986) ArticleTitleSimple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions Mol Biol Evol 3 418–426 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL28Xmt1aisbs%3D Occurrence Handle3444411

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Nikaido AP Rooney N Okada (1999) ArticleTitlePhylogenetic relationships among cetartiodactyls based on insertions of short and long interspersed elements: Hippopotamuses are the closest extant relatives of whales Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 10261–10266 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlvFensrs%3D Occurrence Handle10468596

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T Ohta (1993) ArticleTitlePattern of nucleotide substitutions in growth hormone-prolactin gene family: a paradigm for evolution by gene duplication Genetics 134 1271–1276 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXht1KltLs%3D Occurrence Handle8375661

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K-Y Park J-H Roe (1996) ArticleTitleIdentification of a negative regulatory site in the upstream region of bovine growth hormone gene Biochem Biophys Res Commun 219 354–358 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XhtlKlsbg%3D Occurrence Handle8604991

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Rand-Weaver H Kawauchi M Ono (1993) Evolution of the structure of the growth hormone and prolactin family MP Schreibman CG Scanes PKT Pang (Eds) The endocrinology of growth, development, and metabolism in vertebrates Academic Press San Diego 13–42

    Google Scholar 

  • AR Shepard W Zhang NL Eberhardt (1994) ArticleTitleTwo CGTCA motifs and a GHF1/Pit1 binding site mediate cAMP-dependent protein kinase A regulation of human growth hormone gene expression in rat anterior pituitary GC cells J Biol Chem 269 1804–1814 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXpvVCjsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle8294429

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Shimamura H Yasue K Ohshima H Abe H Kato T Kishiro M Goto I Munechika N Okada (1997) ArticleTitleMolecular evidence from retroposons that whales form a clade within even-toed ungulates Nature 388 666–670 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXlsV2qtbY%3D Occurrence Handle9262399

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • EP Slater O Rabenau M Karin JD Baxter M Beato (1985) ArticleTitleGlucocorticoid receptor binding and activation of a heterologous promoter by dexamethasone by the first intron of the human growth hormone gene Mol Cell Biol 5 2984–2992 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXmtVOqurw%3D Occurrence Handle3018491

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MR Smith MS Shivji VG Waddell MJ Stanhope (1996) ArticleTitlePhylogenetic evidence from the IRBP gene for the paraphyly of toothed whales, with mixed support for Cetacea as a suborder of Artiodactyla Mol Biol Evol 13 918–922 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XltlSmsLw%3D Occurrence Handle8752000

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DL Swofford (1998) PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other Methods), version 4 Sinauer Sunderland, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • LE Theill M Karin (1993) ArticleTitleTranscriptional control of GH expression and anterior pituitary development Endocrinol Rev 14 670–689 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmvFKltQ%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P Towner (1991) Purification of DNA TA Brown (Eds) Essential Molecular Biology, Vol. I IRL Press Oxford 47–68

    Google Scholar 

  • A Valinsky M Shani E Gootwine (1990) ArticleTitleRestriction fragment length polymorphism in sheep at the growth hormone locus is the result of variation in gene number Anim Biotechnol 1 135–144 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xls1Gjtb4%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Wallis (1981) ArticleTitleThe molecular evolution of pituitary growth hormone, prolactin and placental lactogen: A protein family showing variable rates of evolution J Mol Evol 17 10–18 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXhslWrtrk%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Wallis (1994) ArticleTitleVariable evolutionary rates in the molecular evolution of mammalian growth hormones J Mol Evol 38 619–627 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXksFSgtLc%3D Occurrence Handle8083887

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Wallis (1996) ArticleTitleThe molecular evolution of vertebrate growth hormones: A pattern of near-stasis interrupted by sustained bursts of rapid change J Mol Evol 43 93–100 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XkvVaqt7w%3D Occurrence Handle8660433

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Wallis (1997) ArticleTitleFunction switching as a basis for bursts of rapid change during the evolution of pituitary growth hormone J Mol Evol 44 348–350 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhs1Gkur4%3D Occurrence Handle9060402

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Wallis (2001) ArticleTitleEpisodic evolution of protein hormones in mammals J Mol Evol 53 10–18 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXktF2mt7o%3D Occurrence Handle11683318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Wallis A Lioupis OC Wallis (1998) ArticleTitleDuplicate growth hormone genes in sheep and goat J Mol Endocrinol 21 1–5 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlsVKku74%3D Occurrence Handle9723858

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • OC Wallis M Wallis (2001) ArticleTitleMolecular evolution of growth hormone (GH) in Cetartiodactyla: cloning and characterization of the gene encoding GH from a primitive ruminant, the chevrotain (Tragulus javanicus) Gen Comp Endocrinol 123 62–72 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlvFSitr4%3D Occurrence Handle11551118

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • OC Wallis M Wallis (2002) ArticleTitleCharacterisation of the GH gene cluster in a new-world monkey, the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) J Mol Endocrinol 29 89–97 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmvFOhu7c%3D Occurrence Handle12200231

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • OC Wallis Y-P Zhang M Wallis (2001) ArticleTitleMolecular evolution of GH in primates: characterisation of the GH genes from slow loris and marmoset defines an episode of rapid evolutionary change J Mol Endocrinol 26 249–258 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXktFajsLg%3D Occurrence Handle11357061

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J Zhang M Nei (2000) ArticleTitlePositive selection in the evolution of mammalian interleukin-2 genes Mol Biol Evol 17 1413–1416 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmtFyrt7o%3D Occurrence Handle10958857

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J Zhang HF Rosenberg M Nei (1998) ArticleTitlePositive Darwinian selection after gene duplication in primate ribonuclease genes Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 3708–3713 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXitlKjtrc%3D Occurrence Handle9520431

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. A.J. Sami and Dr. F. Catzeflis for providing tissue samples and the BSSRC for a studentship to Z.M.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Zoitsa Maniou

    Present address: Radiation and Genome Stability Unit, MRC, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biochemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK

    Zoitsa Maniou, O. Caryl Wallis & Michael Wallis

Authors
  1. Zoitsa Maniou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. O. Caryl Wallis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael Wallis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to O. Caryl Wallis.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Maniou, Z., Wallis, O.C. & Wallis, M. Episodic Molecular Evolution of Pituitary Growth Hormone in Cetartiodactyla. J Mol Evol 58, 743–753 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-004-2595-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-004-2595-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation