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Aerobic Endurance Training Does Not Protect Bone Against Poorly Controlled Type 1 Diabetes in Young Adult Rats

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Abstract

Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) decreases trabecular bone volume and bone strength in rodents. The current study investigated the potential protective effects of aerobic endurance training (AET) on bone in STZ-induced T1DM young adult rats. Sixty-four 8-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 16: control non-T1DM sedentary (CS) and exercised (CX), T1DM sedentary (DS) and exercised (DX). Blood glucose was maintained at 9–15 mmol/L using subcutaneously implanted insulin pellets (Linplant, Linshin Canada, Inc.). AET was performed at ~75–85% VO2max for 1 h/day, 5 day/week for 10 weeks. Areal and volumetric bone mineral density (aBMD and vBMD; excised femur) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; QDR 4500A) and micro computed tomography (μCT; Aloka). Bone strength was tested using a 3-point bending test (Instron 5544 Load Frame). Two-way ANOVA was used to test for T1DM and exercise differences followed by Tukey’s HSD tests for interaction effects; significance was set at P < 0.05. T1DM had lower body weight (18.0%), aBMD (8.6%), cortical vBMD (1.6%), trabecular vBMD (2.1%), maximum load at break (22.2%), and increased elastic modulus (11.3%) vs. control (P < 0.001). Exercise in T1DM further decreased body weight (4.7%) vs. sedentary (P = 0.043) and maximum extension during the bending test that demonstrated DX was increased (7.3%) vs. CX (P = 0.033). There were no other beneficial effects of exercise on bone. These results suggest that 10 weeks of AET in rats do not have protective effects on bone in the short term and that T1DM rats have compromised bone health.

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Acknowledgements

The funding for the parent study was provided to Dr. Kevin Shoemaker from a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) team grant in Physical Activity, Mobility and Neural Health (#217532) (K. Shoemaker, Nominated Principal Investigator). The bone densitometer was purchased with a grant from the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, the μCT with a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Research Tools and Instrumentation (RTI) grant, and the bone strength testing machine in part with the NSERC RTI and McGill start-up funds. Dr. Hope A. Weiler is in receipt of a Canada Research Chair tier I in Nutrition and Health Across the Lifespan (McGill University).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada

    Tom J. Hazell

  2. School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, N6G 1AH, Canada

    T. Dylan Olver, Hana Kowalchuk, Matthew W. McDonald, Adwitia Dey, Kenneth N. Grisé, Earl G. Noble & C. W. James Melling

  3. School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 2E3, Canada

    Paula Lavery & Hope A. Weiler

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Correspondence to Tom J. Hazell.

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Authors Tom J. Hazell, T. Dylan Olver, Hana Kowalchuk, Matthew W. McDonald, Adwitia Dey, Kenneth N. Grisé, Earl G. Noble, C. W. James Melling, Paula Lavery, and Hope A. Weiler state that they have no conflicts of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. All procedures performed in the study were reviewed and approved by the University of Western Ontario Council on Animal Care and the Macdonald Campus Facility Animal Care Committee and conformed to the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.

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Hazell, T.J., Olver, T.D., Kowalchuk, H. et al. Aerobic Endurance Training Does Not Protect Bone Against Poorly Controlled Type 1 Diabetes in Young Adult Rats. Calcif Tissue Int 100, 374–381 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-016-0227-2

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