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Mapping causal interregional influences with concurrent TMS–fMRI

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Abstract

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) produces a direct causal effect on brain activity that can now be studied by new approaches that simultaneously combine TMS with neuroimaging methods, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In this review we highlight recent concurrent TMS–fMRI studies that illustrate how this novel combined technique may provide unique insights into causal interactions among brain regions in humans. We show how fMRI can detect the spatial topography of local and remote TMS effects and how these may vary with psychological factors such as task-state. Concurrent TMS–fMRI may furthermore reveal how the brain adapts to so-called virtual lesions induced by TMS, and the distributed activity changes that may underlie the behavioural consequences often observed during cortical stimulation with TMS. We argue that combining TMS with neuroimaging techniques allows a further step in understanding the physiological underpinnings of TMS, as well as the neural correlated of TMS-evoked consequences on perception and behaviour. This can provide powerful new insights about causal interactions among brain regions in both health and disease that may ultimately lead to developing more efficient protocols for basic research and therapeutic TMS applications.

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Abbreviations

BOLD:

Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent

DCM:

Dynamic causal modelling

EEG:

Electroencephalography

EPI:

Echo-planar imaging

FEF:

Frontal eye fields

fMRI:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

M1:

Primary motor cortex

NIRS:

Near-infrared spectroscopy

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PMd:

Dorsal premotor cortex

IPS:

Intraparietal sulcus

TES:

Transcranial electrical stimulation

tDCS:

Transcranial direct current stimulation

TMS:

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

SoM:

Sense of movement

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Acknowledgments

The support of the Wellcome Trust and Medical Research Council (MRC) is acknowledged. JD holds a Royal Society Leverhulme Senior Research Fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 33 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3GB, UK

    Sven Bestmann & John C. Rothwell

  2. Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging at UCL, University College London, London, UK

    Sven Bestmann, Christian C. Ruff, Felix Blankenburg, Nikolaus Weiskopf & Jon Driver

  3. UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK

    Sven Bestmann, Christian C. Ruff & Jon Driver

  4. Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité, Berlin, Germany

    Felix Blankenburg

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  1. Sven Bestmann
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  2. Christian C. Ruff
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Correspondence to Sven Bestmann.

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Bestmann, S., Ruff, C.C., Blankenburg, F. et al. Mapping causal interregional influences with concurrent TMS–fMRI. Exp Brain Res 191, 383–402 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-008-1601-8

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