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Laser-induced graphene electrodes for electrochemical ion sensing, pesticide monitoring, and water splitting

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Abstract

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has shown to be a scalable manufacturing route to create graphene electrodes that overcome the expense associated with conventional graphene electrode fabrication. Herein, we expand upon initial LIG reports by functionalizing the LIG with metallic nanoparticles for ion sensing, pesticide monitoring, and water splitting. The LIG electrodes were converted into ion-selective sensors by functionalization with poly(vinyl chloride)-based membranes containing K+ and H+ ionophores. These ion-selective sensors exhibited a rapid response time (10–15 s), near-Nernstian sensitivity (53.0 mV/dec for the K+ sensor and − 56.6 mV/pH for the pH sensor), and long storage stability for 40 days, and were capable of ion monitoring in artificial urine. The pesticide biosensors were created by functionalizing the LIG electrodes with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase and displayed a high sensitivity to atrazine (28.9 nA/μM) with negligible inference from other common herbicides (glyphosate, dicamba, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). Finally, the LIG electrodes also exhibited a small overpotential for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. The oxygen evolution reaction tests yielded overpotentials of 448 mV and 995 mV for 10 mA/cm2 and 100 mA/cm2, respectively. The hydrogen evolution reaction tests yielded 35 mV and 281 mV for the corresponding current densities. Such a versatile LIG platform paves the way for simple, efficient electrochemical sensing and energy harvesting applications.

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  • 01 October 2021

    Springer Nature’s version of this paper was updated to present the missing Electronic Supplementary Material file.

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Acknowledgements

J.C.C. and C.L.G . gratefully acknowledges funding support for this work by the National Science Foundation under award number ECCS-1841649 and CMMI-2037026 as well as from the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under award number 2020-67021-31375, 2021-67021-34457, and 2021-67011-35130, and by the by the Office of Naval Research under award number N000142012375.

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  1. Ivan S. Kucherenko and Bolin Chen contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

    Ivan S. Kucherenko, Bolin Chen, Zachary Johnson, Delaney Sanborn, Natalie Figueroa-Felix, Carmen Gomes & Jonathan C. Claussen

  2. Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo str., Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine

    Ivan S. Kucherenko

  3. Chemistry Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

    Alexander Wilkins, Deyny Mendivelso-Perez & Emily A. Smith

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  1. Ivan S. Kucherenko
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Contributions

Ivan S. Kucherenko: validation, investigation, writing—original draft. Bolin Chen: validation, investigation, writing—original draft. Zachary Johnson: investigation, writing—review and editing. Alexander Wilkins: investigation. Delaney Sanborn: investigation. Natalie Figueroa-Felix: investigation. Deyny Mendivelso-Perez: investigation. Emily A. Smith: investigation. Carmen Gomes: supervision, project administration, conceptualization. Jonathan C. Claussen: supervision, project administration, conceptualization, writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Jonathan C. Claussen.

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Kucherenko, I.S., Chen, B., Johnson, Z. et al. Laser-induced graphene electrodes for electrochemical ion sensing, pesticide monitoring, and water splitting. Anal Bioanal Chem 413, 6201–6212 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03519-w

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