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Chemically tailoring nanopores for single-molecule sensing and glycomics

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Abstract

A nanopore can be fairly—but uncharitably—described as simply a nanofluidic channel through a thin membrane. Even this simple structural description holds utility and underpins a range of applications. Yet significant excitement for nanopore science is more readily ignited by the role of nanopores as enabling tools for biomedical science. Nanopore techniques offer single-molecule sensing without the need for chemical labelling, since in most nanopore implementations, matter is its own label through its size, charge, and chemical functionality. Nanopores have achieved considerable prominence for single-molecule DNA sequencing. The predominance of this application, though, can overshadow their established use for nanoparticle characterization and burgeoning use for protein analysis, among other application areas. Analyte scope continues to be expanded, and with increasing analyte complexity, success will increasingly hinge on control over nanopore surface chemistry to tune the nanopore, itself, and to moderate analyte transport. Carbohydrates are emerging as the latest high-profile target of nanopore science. Their tremendous chemical and structural complexity means that they challenge conventional chemical analysis methods and thus present a compelling target for unique nanopore characterization capabilities. Furthermore, they offer molecular diversity for probing nanopore operation and sensing mechanisms. This article thus focuses on two roles of chemistry in nanopore science: its use to provide exquisite control over nanopore performance, and how analyte properties can place stringent demands on nanopore chemistry. Expanding the horizons of nanopore science requires increasing consideration of the role of chemistry and increasing sophistication in the realm of chemical control over this nanoscale milieu.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Julie C. Whelan for fabrication and measurements related to the electrolessly plated nanopore arrays in Figure 2.

Funding

This work has been funded principally by National Science Foundation award CHE-1808344, in part by RI Research Alliance grants from the Rhode Island Science & Technology Advisory Council, and includes work supported by National Science Foundation CAREER award CBET-1150085.

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  1. Melissa A. Morris

    Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Rd., Kingston, RI, 02881, USA

    James T. Hagan, Brian S. Sheetz, Y.M. Nuwan D.Y. Bandara, Buddini I. Karawdeniya, Robert B. Chevalier & Jason R. Dwyer

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Correspondence to Jason R. Dwyer.

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Conflict of interest

Authors Bandara, Karawdeniya, and Dwyer have received a patent relating to the photohydrosilylation of silicon nitride nanopores, and are co-applicants on a provisional patent filing relating to the use of sodium hypochlorite in nanopore formation. Authors Hagan, Sheetz, Morris, and Chevalier declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Hagan, J.T., Sheetz, B.S., Bandara, Y.N.D. et al. Chemically tailoring nanopores for single-molecule sensing and glycomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 412, 6639–6654 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02717-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02717-2

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