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Critical review of the determination of photoluminescence quantum yields of luminescent reporters

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Abstract

A crucial variable for methodical performance evaluation and comparison of luminescent reporters is the photoluminescence quantum yield (Φ pl). This quantity, defined as the number of emitted photons per number of absorbed photons, is the direct measure of the efficiency of the conversion of absorbed photons into emitted light for small organic dyes, fluorescent proteins, metal–ligand complexes, metal clusters, polymeric nanoparticles, and semiconductor and up-conversion nanocrystals. Φ pl determines the sensitivity for the detection of a specific analyte from the chromophore perspective, together with its molar-absorption coefficient at the excitation wavelength. In this review we discuss different optical and photothermal methods for measuring Φ pl of transparent and scattering systems for the most common classes of luminescent reporters, and critically evaluate their potential and limitations. In addition, reporter-specific effects and sources of uncertainty are addressed. The ultimate objective is to provide users of fluorescence techniques with validated tools for the determination of Φ pl, including a series of Φ pl standards for the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared regions, and to enable better judgment of the reliability of literature data.

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (MNPQ MNPQ program, projects BMWI-22/06, BMWI-13/09, BMWI-17/07 and BMWI 11/12), DFG project RE1203/12-1 and from the European Comission (EMRP project NEW03 NanoChOp). We thank Kathrin Villers for graphic works, Dr Alexey Chizhik for his comments and the picture of the micro cavity, and Dr Christoph Haisch for fruitful discussion.

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  1. BAM - Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.10 Biophotonics, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany

    C. Würth, D. Geißler, T. Behnke, M. Kaiser & U. Resch-Genger

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  1. C. Würth
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Würth, C., Geißler, D., Behnke, T. et al. Critical review of the determination of photoluminescence quantum yields of luminescent reporters. Anal Bioanal Chem 407, 59–78 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8130-z

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