Abstract
Rationale
There is increasing interest in and evidence for the negative impacts of cannabis use in cognitive performance and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with age of first cannabis use as a potential amplifier of these associations. However, the existing literature is inconsistent, which may be due to methodological limitations, including small sample sizes.
Objective
To examine current cannabis use and age of first cannabis use in relation to neurocognitive task performance and ADHD symptoms in a large sample of binge-drinking young adults.
Methods
Participants were young adults (N=730, M age=21.44, 52.6% female) assessed for current cannabis use, neurocognitive task performance, and ADHD symptoms. Three-group ANCOVAs compared individuals reporting frequent (daily/multiple times daily), occasional (weekly/monthly), or no cannabis use.
Results
Covarying alcohol use, tobacco use, age, sex, income, and education, daily cannabis users exhibited significantly more impulsive delay discounting and hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms compared to both other groups. However, cannabis use was not associated with inattentive ADHD symptoms, verbal intelligence, working memory, probability discounting, short-term verbal memory, or behavioral inhibition. Age of initiation of cannabis use exhibited neither main effects nor interactions in relation to any domains of cognitive performance or ADHD symptomatology.
Conclusions
The current findings provide support for a link between cannabis use in relation to immediate reward preference and symptoms of hyperactive-impulsive ADHD in young adults, but only among frequent users. No other neurocognitive domains exhibited associations with cannabis and age of first use was neither independently nor interactively associated with cognitive outcomes.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the research support of Jane De Jesus, Jessica Gillard, Riana Lachmann, Liah Rahman, Emily Vandehei, and Kyra Farrelly.
Funding
This research was supported by grant #365297 from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, and the Peter Boris Chair in Addictions Research.
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Dr. James MacKillop is a Senior Scientist in BEAM Diagnostics, Inc. No BEAM products were used in the research reported. Dr. Michael Van Ameringen is on advisory boards for Tilray, Allergan, Almatica, Lundbeck Canada, Otsuka and Purdue Canada. He is also on the Speaker’s Bureau for Allergan, Lundbeck Canada, Pfizer and Purdue Canada. All other authors declare no competing interests.
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Petker, T., Ferro, M., Van Ameringen, M. et al. Daily, but not occasional, cannabis use is selectively associated with more impulsive delay discounting and hyperactive ADHD symptoms in binge-drinking young adults. Psychopharmacology 238, 1753–1763 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05781-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05781-3