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Mad men, women and steroid cocktails: a review of the impact of sex and other factors on anabolic androgenic steroids effects on affective behaviors

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Abstract

Rationale

For several decades, elite athletes and a growing number of recreational consumers have used anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) as performance enhancing drugs. Despite mounting evidence that illicit use of these synthetic steroids has detrimental effects on affective states, information available on sex-specific actions of these drugs is lacking.

Objectives

The focus of this review is to assess information to date on the importance of sex and its interaction with other environmental factors on affective behaviors, with an emphasis on data derived from non-human studies.

Methods

The PubMed database was searched for relevant studies in both sexes.

Results

Studies examining AAS use in females are limited, reflecting the lower prevalence of use in this sex. Data, however, indicate significant sex-specific differences in AAS effects on anxiety-like and aggressive behaviors, interactions with other drugs of abuse, and the interplay of AAS with other environmental factors such as diet and exercise.

Conclusions

Current methods for assessing AAS use have limitations that suggest biases of both under- and over-reporting, which may be amplified for females who are poorly represented in self-report studies of human subjects and are rarely used in animal studies. Data from animal literature suggest that there are significant sex-specific differences in the impact of AAS on aggression, anxiety, and concomitant use of other abused substances. These results have relevance for human females who take these drugs as performance-enhancing substances and for transgender XX individuals who may illicitly self-administer AAS as they transition to a male gender identity.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cherokee Nation Technology Solutions Contractor to: The National Intrepid Center of Excellence (NICoE) Network Research Program, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 4860 South Palmer Road, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA

    Marie M. Onakomaiya

  2. Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, HB 7701, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA

    Leslie P. Henderson

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Correspondence to Marie M. Onakomaiya.

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Except for income received from our primary employers, no financial support or compensation has been received from any individual or corporate entity over the past 3 years for research or professional services (with the exception of honoraria for invited talks at other universities and for service to the NSF and the NIH for LPH and current fellowship support from Cherokee Nation Technology Solutions to MMO). Neither author has personal financial holdings that could be perceived as constituting a conflict of interest.

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The opinions, views, or assertions expressed in this review are solely those of the authors and do not represent those of the NICoE, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, the Department of Defense, Department of Army/Navy/Air Force, or the U.S. Government.

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This work has been supported by NIDA (14137; 022716; 18255)

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Onakomaiya, M.M., Henderson, L.P. Mad men, women and steroid cocktails: a review of the impact of sex and other factors on anabolic androgenic steroids effects on affective behaviors. Psychopharmacology 233, 549–569 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-4193-6

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