Synthesis and mass spectrometric identification of the major amino acid adducts formed between sulphur mustard and haemoglobin in human blood

Abstract

As part of a program to develop methods for the verification of alleged exposure to sulphur mustard, we synthesized and characterized three amino acid adducts presumably formed by alkylation of haemoglobin: 4-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-l-aspartate, 5-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-l-glutamate and N1- and N3-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-l-histidine. Suitable derivatization methods for GC/MS analysis were developed for these adducts as well as for the cysteine and the N-terminal valine adduct. Incubation of human blood with [³⁵S]sulphur mustard in vitro followed by acidic hydrolysis of isolated globin and derivatization with Fmoc-Cl afforded three major radioactive peaks upon HPLC analysis, one of which coeluted with the synthetic Fmoc derivative of N1/N3-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-l-histidine. After pronase digestion of globin the adducts of histidine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, cysteine and N-terminal valine could be tentatively identified and quantitated. Final identification was obtained from GC/MS analysis. The most abundant adduct, N1/N3-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-l-histidine, could not be sensitively analysed by GC/MS. A convenient LC-tandem MS procedure was developed for this compound, enabling the detection of exposure of human blood to 10␣μM sulphur mustard in vitro.