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Mechanical behavior of 17-4 PH stainless steel processed by atomic diffusion additive manufacturing

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Abstract

This work explores the multiscale mechanical behavior of 17-4 PH stainless steel structures processed through the atomic diffusion additive manufacturing technique (ADAM). 17-4 PH stainless steel parts were fabricated with a Markforged Metal X 3D printer and characterized with respect to variable printing orientations for samples loaded in tension, shear, and bending. Sections of material were taken from each face of a bending test sample and prepared for microscopy to quantify porosity, grain size, and local stiffness and hardness. Microscale evaluation showed a porosity content of 3.3% on average across all faces. The yz face specifically showed the same sort of packing limitations often seen in other extrusion-based methods leading to greater porosity. An electron backscatter diffraction investigation showed a mean grain size of 6.5 μm with some grain alignment in the z-direction in the xz plane. Bulk material response in tension was dependent upon the print orientation of the sample. Cases where material was extruded entirely in the direction of loading saw a stiffness, strength, and strain to failure improvement of greater that 10% compared with other infill schemes. Shear testing revealed similar increases in strain to failure for samples with material extruded in only one direction compared with cross hatching at alternating orthogonal angles. Bend test results were similar in tension and compression regardless of orientation. For a sample printed with primary loading in the print plane (xy), the tensile modulus was 130–140 GPa, the tensile yield and ultimate strength were 600 MPa and 800 MPa, and the shear strength was 40.6 MPa on average.

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The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared publically but is available upon request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the use of the SEM at the Maryland Nanocenter and its AIMLab.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vehicle Technology Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, USA

    Todd C. Henry, Madeline A. Morales, Daniel P. Cole, Christopher M. Shumeyko & Jaret C. Riddick

  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

    Madeline A. Morales

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  1. Todd C. Henry
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  2. Madeline A. Morales
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  3. Daniel P. Cole
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  4. Christopher M. Shumeyko
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  5. Jaret C. Riddick
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Contributions

Manufacturing and macro-mechanical testing of samples was conducted by Drs. Henry and Shumeyko. Processing, polishing, and micro-mechanical testing was conducted by Ms. Morales and Dr. Cole. Data processing and manuscript preparation were led by Dr. Riddick with contributions from all authors.

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Correspondence to Todd C. Henry.

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Henry, T.C., Morales, M.A., Cole, D.P. et al. Mechanical behavior of 17-4 PH stainless steel processed by atomic diffusion additive manufacturing. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 114, 2103–2114 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-06785-1

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