Skip to main content
Log in

Effects of thermal cycles on microstructure evolution of 2219-Al during GTA-additive manufacturing

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A 2219-Al thin-walled component was produced by gas tungsten arc (GTA)-additive manufacturing, and the microstructures were observed. The thin wall can be divided into two regions: a top region and a bottom region. In the top region, dendritic structures dominate and the eutectics are discontinuous. In the bottom region, there are many light strips dividing the region into parallel layers. In this region, dendritic structures are absent and eutectics are continuous. During the GTA-additive manufacturing process, deposited materials are heated many times by thermal cycles. According to consequences and time sequences, thermal cycles can be classified into three categories: melting heat, partial-melting heat, and post-heat. The top region is the melting-heat-affected zone, whose microstructures are the consequences of the melting heat. The line between the top region and bottom region is the partial-melting-affected zone, whose microstructures are affected by melting heat and by partial-melting heat. As for the post-heat-affected zone, namely the bottom region, melting heat and post-heat contribute to the inner-layer parts’ microstructures, while melting heat, partial-melting heat, and post-heat contribute to the inter-layer line microstructures together.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Clark D, Bache MR, Whittaker MT (2008) Shaped metal deposition of a nickel alloy for aero engine applications. J Mater Process Tech 203:439–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ding D, Pan Z, Cuiuri D, Li H (2015) Wire-feed additive manufacturing of metal components: technologies, developments and future interests. Int J Adv Manuf Techno 81:1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Xiong J, Zhang GJ (2014) Adaptive control of deposited height in GMA-based layer additive manufacturing. J Mater Process Tech 214:962–968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Aiyiti W, Zhao W, Lu B et al (2006) Investigation of the overlapping parameters of MPAW-based rapid prototyping. Rapid Prototyping J 12:165–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Liu L, Zhuang Z, Liu F, Zhu M (2013) Additive manufacturing of steel–bronze bimetal by shaped metal deposition: interface characteristics and tensile properties. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 69:2131–2137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Baufeld B, Van der Biest O (2009) Mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V specimens produced by shaped metal deposition. Sci Technol Adv Mater 10:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Tabernero I, Lamikiz A, Martínez S et al (2011) Evaluation of the mechanical properties of Inconel 718 components built by laser cladding. Int J Mach Tool Manu 51:465–470

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Skiba T, Baufeld B, Biest O (2009) Microstructure and mechanical properties of stainless steel component manufactured by shaped metal deposition. ISIJ Int 49(10):1588–1591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Skiba T, Baufeld B, Van der Biest O (2011) Shaped metal deposition of 300M steel. P I Mech Eeg B-J Eng 225(6):831–839

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ouyang JH, Wang H, Kovacevic R (2002) Rapid prototyping of 5356-aluminum alloy based on variable polarity gas tungsten arc welding: process control and microstructure. Mater Manuf Process 17(1):103–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Wang H, Kovacevic R (2000) Variable polarity GTAW in rapid prototyping of aluminum parts. Proceedings of the 11th Annual Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin, TX, 369–376

  12. Liu YB, Sun QJ, Jiang YL (2014) Rapid prototyping process based on cold metal transfer arc welding technology. Trans China Weld Inst 35:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  13. Mullins WW, Sekerka RF (1964) Stability of a planar interface during solidification of a dilute binary alloy. J Appl Phys 35(2):444–451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Howe A (2002) Rationalisation of interstitial diffusion. Scripta Mater 47(10):663–667

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Tiller WA, Jackson KA, Rutter JW, Chalmers B (1953) The redistribution of solute atoms during the solidification of metals. Acta Metall 1(4):428–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Steward PA (1998) Fick’s laws of diffusion

  17. Poirier DR, Yeum K, Maples AL (1987) A thermodynamic prediction for microporosity formation in aluminum-rich Al-Cu alloys. Metall Trans A 18(11):1979–1987

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Mazur M (1992) Porosity in aluminium welds. Weld Int 6(12):929–931

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. b. Lin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bai, J.Y., Fan, C.L., Lin, S.b. et al. Effects of thermal cycles on microstructure evolution of 2219-Al during GTA-additive manufacturing. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 87, 2615–2623 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8633-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8633-1

Keywords

Navigation