Abstract
Wastewater reuse is an important adaptation option for mitigating water stress in rapidly growing urban centers. Reuse potential of nanoparticles (NPs) contaminated wastewater for irrigation of Spinacia oleracea grown in soil media were assessed in this study. Irrigation of plant were done with water containing CuO and ZnO NPs as single compound and in binary mixture (10, 100, 1000 mg/L) till 11 weeks. At 1000 mg/L, reduction in root length: 16 %, 12 % and 18 %, shoot length: 22 %, 16 % and 27 %, total weight 37 %, 27 % and 45 %, chlorophyll: 18 %, 7 % and 29 % and carotenoids: 46 %, 33 % and 54 % were found for CuO NPs, ZnO NPs and binary mixture of NPs respectively. Uptake values were found to be 5.65 ± 0.8 Zn2+ and 3.48 ± 0.75 Cu2+ mg/g for the case of ZnO and CuO NPs respectively (at 1000 mg/L). For mixture of NPs, uptake of 3.18 ± 1.05 mg/g of Cu2+ and 3.18 ± 1.05 mg/g of Zn2+ ions were found. The results shows that water containing low concentration of NPs (10 mg/L) can be used for irrigating spinach grown in soil media as no significant toxic effect on growth and uptake of metal ion were found as compared to control. The results of this study evaluated the suitability of reusing water contaminated with NPs in agriculture. Further studies are however required to understand the toxic mode of action of mixture of NPs on growth and uptake mechanisms.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ali MHH, Al-Qahtani KM (2012) Assessment of some heavy metals in vegetables, cereals and fruits in Saudi Arabian markets. Egypt J Aquat Res 38:31–37. doi:10.1016/j.ejar.2012.08.002
Almås AR, Lombnaes P, Sogn TA, Mulder J (2006) Speciation of Cd and Zn in contaminated soils assessed by DGT-DIFS, and WHAM/Model VI in relation to uptake by spinach and ryegrass. Chemosphere 62:1647–1655. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.06.020
Arnon DI (1949) Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol 24:1–15
Ates M, Arslan Z, Demir V, Daniels J, Farah IO (2015) Accumulation and toxicity of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles through waterborne and dietary exposure of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Environ Toxicol 30(1):119–128. doi:10.1002/tox.22002
Dimkpa CO, McLean JE, Latta DE et al (2012) CuO and ZnO nanoparticles: phytotoxicity, metal speciation, and induction of oxidative stress in sand-grown wheat. J Nanoparticle Res 14:1125. doi:10.1007/s11051-012-1125-9
Dimkpa CO, McLean JE, Britt DW, Anderson AJ (2015) Nano-CuO and interaction with nano-ZnO or soil bacterium provide evidence for the interference of nanoparticles in metal nutrition of plants. Ecotoxicology 24:119–129. doi:10.1007/s10646-014-1364-x
Hammel W, Debus R, Steubing L (2000) Mobility of antimony in soil and its availability to plants. Chemosphere 41:1791–1798. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00037-0
Hong J, Rico CM, Zhao L et al (2015) Toxic effects of copper-based nanoparticles or compounds to lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Environ Sci Process Impacts 17:177–185. doi:10.1039/c4em00551a
Keating B, Robertson M, Muchow R, Huth N (1999) Modelling sugarcane production systems I. Development and performance of the sugarcane module. Field Crops Res 61:253–271. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(98)00167-1
Lee W-M, Il Kwak J, An Y-J (2012) Effect of silver nanoparticles in crop plants Phaseolus radiatus and Sorghum bicolor: media effect on phytotoxicity. Chemosphere 86:491–499
Lin D, Xing B (2008) Root uptake and phytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles. Environ Sci Technol 42:5580–5585. doi:10.1021/es800422x
Maftoun M, Moshiri F, Karimian N, Ronaghi AM (2006) Effects of two organic wastes in combination with phosphorus on growth and chemical composition of spinach and soil properties. J Plant Nutr 27:1635–1651. doi:10.1081/PLN-200026005
Mueller NC, Nowack B (2008) Exposure modeling of engineered nanoparticles in the environment. Environ Sci Technol 42:4447–4453. doi:10.1021/es7029637
Nair PMG, Chung IM (2014) Physiological and molecular level studies on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles in germinating seedlings of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). Acta Physiol Plant 37:1719. doi:10.1007/s11738-014-1719-1
Nations S, Wages M, Cañas JE et al (2011) Acute effects of Fe2O3, TiO2, ZnO and CuO nanomaterials on Xenopus laevis. Chemosphere 83:1053–1061. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.061
Rao S, Shekhawat GS (2014) Toxicity of ZnO engineered nanoparticles and evaluation of their effect on growth, metabolism and tissue specific accumulation in Brassica juncea. J Environ Chem Eng 2:105–114. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2013.11.029
Rodda N, Salukazana L, Jackson SAF, Smith MT (2011) Use of domestic greywater for small-scale irrigation of food crops: effects on plants and soil. Phys Chem Earth Parts A/B/C 36:1051–1062. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2011.08.002
Singh D, Kumar A (2015) Effects of nano silver oxide and silver ions on growth of Vigna radiata. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. doi:10.1007/s00128-015-1595-4
Souza JF, Dolder H, Cortelazzo AL (2005) Effect of excess cadmium and zinc ions on roots and shoots of maize seedlings. J Plant Nutr 28:1923–1931. doi:10.1080/01904160500310435
Srivastava G, Das CK, Das A et al (2014) Seed treatment with iron pyrite (FeS2) nanoparticles increases the production of spinach. RSC Adv 4:58495–58504. doi:10.1039/C4RA06861K
Stampoulis D, Sinha SK, White JC (2009) Assay-dependent phytotoxicity of nanoparticles to plants. Environ Sci Technol 43:9473–9479. doi:10.1021/es901695c
Thuesombat P, Hannongbua S, Akasit S, Chadchawan S (2014) Effect of silver nanoparticles on rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. KDML 105) seed germination and seedling growth. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 104:302–309. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.03.022
Trujillo-Reyes J, Vilchis-Nestor AR, Majumdar S et al (2013) Citric acid modifies surface properties of commercial CeO2 nanoparticles reducing their toxicity and cerium uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus) seedlings. J Hazard Mater 263(Pt 2):677–684. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.030
Wang Z, Xie X, Zhao J et al (2012) Xylem- and phloem-based transport of CuO nanoparticles in maize (Zea mays L.). Environ Sci Technol 46:4434–4441. doi:10.1021/es204212z
Warne MSJ, Heemsbergen D, Stevens D et al (2008) Modeling the toxicity of copper and zinc salts to wheat in 14 soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 27:786–792. doi:10.1897/07-294.1
Yang F, Liu C, Gao F et al (2007) The improvement of spinach growth by nano-anatase TiO2 treatment is related to nitrogen photoreduction. Biol Trace Elem Res 119:77–88. doi:10.1007/s12011-007-0046-4
Zuverza-Mena N, Medina-Velo IA, Barrios AC et al (2015) Copper nanoparticles/compounds impact agronomic and physiological parameters in cilantro (Coriandrum sativum). Environ Sci Process Impacts. doi:10.1039/c5em00329f
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (India) for helping out in conducting this study. We are also thankful to IIT Delhi for providing support for this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, D., Kumar, A. Impact of Irrigation Using Water Containing CuO and ZnO Nanoparticles on Spinach oleracea Grown in Soil Media. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 97, 548–553 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-016-1872-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-016-1872-x