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Stable isotope and fluid inclusion study of sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits from the Neuquén Basin, Argentina

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Abstract

The Los Chihuidos and El Porvenir deposits of the Neuquén Basin are examples of sediment-hosted stratiform Cu deposits generated by interaction of hydrocarbons and formation water with host red beds and metal-charged basinal brines. During early diagenesis of red beds precipitated hematite, kaolinite at 60 °C from meteoric water followed by calcite 1 (δ13C − 8 to − 3.3‰) and barite (δ34S + 4.1‰) with increasing temperature (75–85 °C) from an evolved surface fluid (δ18Ofluids + 0.9 to + 2.7‰). During the Tertiary Andean orogeny, hydrocarbons and formation water migrated and reacted with the red beds resulting in bleaching of the sandstone. Smectite (fluid δ18O − 2.2‰ and δD − 73.7‰), chlorite-smectite mixed-layer minerals (fluid δ18O − 6.9‰ and δD − 84‰), pyrite (δ34S + 10.2‰), and calcite 2 (δ13C − 12.9 to − 6.8‰) formed as by-product of the redox reactions. Calcite 2 formed from low-salinity fluids (0.4 to 5.9 wt% NaCl equiv.) at slightly higher temperatures (125–145 °C) at El Porvenir and at Los Chihuidos deposit (80–105 °C). During subsequent uplift, metal-charged basinal brines flowed into the bleached sandstone and precipitated chalcopyrite-bornite (δ34S + 12.3‰) followed by chalcocite-spionkopite (δ34S − 64 to + 4.1‰). Calcites 3a (δ13C − 19 to − 10.1‰) and 3b (δ13C − 31.4 to − 9.5‰) that accompanied Fe-Cu and Cu sulfides, respectively, formed from saline fluids (up to 21.3 wt% NaCl equiv.) at temperatures of 159–70 °C. The δ18O values (+ 5.6 to + 11.4‰) of fluids in equilibrium with calcite 3a are similar to oilfield and basinal brines. Fluids in equilibrium with calcite 3 in Los Chihuidos and calcite 3b in El Porvenir show much lighter δ18O values (− 7.3 to − 4.6‰ and − 0.6 to + 2.3‰, respectively), which suggests the involvement of methane as the main reductant and possibly meteoric water interaction.

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Acknowledgments

This research represents part of a PhD dissertation completed at the Universidad Nacional del Sur. The Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC) is supported by National Environment Research Council (NERC) and the Scottish Universities consortium. We express our appreciation to Eduardo Bouhier, Ariel Testi, and staff of Orión del Sur mining company for site access, logistic support, and help during the field work. We are especially grateful to Daniel Beaufort and Patricia Patrier for their help in the characterization of the clay minerals and to the European Commission through its Erasmus Mundus Internship program, which allowed ALR to conduct the clay mineral analysis at the Hydrasa Laboratory (Université de Poitiers). We especially thank Philippe Muchez and Shaun Barker for their helpful and constructive reviews that led to further improvement of the manuscript. Finally, we wish to thank associate editor Thomas Monecke and editor in chief Georges Beaudoin for their helpful comments—and patience.

Funding

The research was supported by FONCyT (PICT n° 2010-2608), CONICET (PIP n° 6043, PIP n° 1083, and PIP n° 330), Universidad Nacional del Comahue (PIP n°04/I167), a Student Research Grant awarded by the Society of Economic Geologists, and the Universidad Nacional del Sur (SECyT through its Internship program in Research and PGI 24/H128). AJB acknowledges funding by NERC (F14/G6/11/01) of the NERC Isotope Community Support Facility and SUERC. Francisco Javier Rios acknowledges financial support by the CNPq 308781/2014-7 and FAPEMIG PPM-00493-15 projects.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro Patagónico de Estudios Metalogenéticos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Ana Laura Rainoldi, Marta B. Franchini & Josefina Pons

  2. Departamento de Geología, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina

    Ana Laura Rainoldi & Nora N. Cesaretti

  3. Departamento de Geología y Petróleo, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300, Neuquén, Argentina

    Marta B. Franchini & Josefina Pons

  4. Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, Glasgow, Scotland, G75 0QF, UK

    Adrian J. Boyce

  5. Subsecretaría de Minería e Hidrocarburos, Irigoyen 436, Piso 4, 8300, Neuquén, Argentina

    Adolfo Giusiano

  6. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Av. Roca 1242, 8332, Roca, Río Negro, Argentina

    Josefina Pons

  7. Centro de Desenvolvimiento da Tecnologia Nuclear, CNEN, CxPs 941, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Francisco J. Ríos

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Rainoldi, A.L., Franchini, M.B., Boyce, A.J. et al. Stable isotope and fluid inclusion study of sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits from the Neuquén Basin, Argentina. Miner Deposita 54, 415–436 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-018-0815-3

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