Abstract
Clubroot caused by the obligate biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae is a major disease of Brassica species. Clubroot resistances introduced from B. oleracea var. ‘Böhmerwaldkohl’ and resistance from B. rapa ECD-04 were genetically mapped in oilseed rape (B. napus L.). A doubled haploid (DH) population of rape seed was developed by crossing a resistant DH-line derived from a resynthesized B. napus with the susceptible cultivar ‘Express’. The DH population was tested in the greenhouse against seven P. brassicae isolates showing low and high virulence toward B. oleracea or/and B. rapa. DH-lines with highest or lowest disease scores were used in a bulked segregant analysis (BSA), and 43 polymorphic AFLPs were identified. A genetic map of the whole genome was constructed using 338 AFLP and 156 anchored SSR markers. Nineteen QTL were detected on chromosomes N02, N03, N08, N13, N15, N16 and N19 giving resistance to seven different isolates. Race-specific effects were observed for all QTL, none of the QTL conferred resistance to all isolates. The phenotypic variance explained by the respective QTL ranged between 10.3 and 67.5%. All QTL could be assigned to both ancestral genomes of B. napus. In contrast to previous reports, a clear differentiation into major QTL from B. rapa and minor QTL from B. oleracea could not be found. Composite interval mapping confirmed the linkage relationships determined by BSA, thus demonstrating that markers for oligogenic traits can be selected by merely testing the distributional extremes of a segregating population.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Buczacki ST, Toxopeus H, Mattusch P, Johnston TD, Dixon GR, Hobolth LA (1975) Study of physiological specialisation in Plasmodiophora brassicae: proposals for attempted rationalization through an international approach. Trans Br Mycol Soc 65:295–303
Chiang MS, Crête R (1970) Inheritance of clubroot resistance in cabbage. Can J Genet Cytol 12:253–256
Crute IR (1986) The relationship between Plasmodiophora brassicae and its hosts: the application concepts relating to variation in inter-organismal association. Adv Plant Pathol 5:1–52
Crute IR, Gray AR, Crisp P, Buczacki ST (1980) Variation in Plasmodiophora brassicae and resistance to clubroot disease in Brassicas and allied crops—a critical review. Plant Breed Abstr 50:91-104
Crute IR, Phelps K, Barnes A, Buczacki ST, Crisp P (1983) The relationship between genotypes of three Brassica species and collections of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Plant Pathol 32:405–420
Diederichsen E, Sacristán MD (1996) Disease response of resynthesized Brassica napus L. lines carrying different combinations of resistance of Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. Plant Breed 115:5–10
Diederichsen E, Wagenblatt B, Schallehn V, Deppe U, Sacristan MD (1996) Transfer of clubroot resistance from resynthesised Brassica napus into oilseed rape—identification of race-specific interactions with Plasmodiophora brassicae. Acta Hortic 407:423–430
Figdore SS, Ferrerira ME, Slocum MK, Williams PH (1993) Association of RFLP markers with trait loci affecting clubroot resistance and morphological characters in Brassica oleracea L. Euphytica 69:33–44
Fuchs H, Sacristán MD (1996) Identification of a gene in Arabidopsis thaliana controlling resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) and characterization of the resistance response. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 9:91–97
Grandclément C, Thomas G (1996) Detection and analysis of QTLs based on RAPD markers for polygenic resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron in Brassica oleracea L. Theor Appl Genet 93:86–90
Gustafsson M, Fält A-S (1986) Genetic studies on resistance to clubroot in Brassica napus. Ann Appl Biol 108:409–415
Hirai M, Harada T, Kubo N, Tsukada M, Suwabe K, Matsumoto S (2004) A novel locus for clubroot resistance in Brassica rapa and its linkage markers. Theor Appl Genet 108:639–643
Holub EB (1997) The gene-for-gene relationship in plant–parasite interactions. In: Crute IR, Holub EB, Burdon JJ (eds) The gene-for-gene relationship in plant–parasite interactions CAB International, Wallingford, pp 5–26
James RV, Williams PH (1980) Clubroot resistance and linkage in Brassica campestris. Phytopathology 70:776–779
Karling JS (1968) The Plasmodiophorales: including a complete host index, bibliography, and a description of diseases caused by species of this order, 2nd edn. Hafner, New York
Kosambi DD (1944) The estimation of map distances from recombination values. Ann Eug 12:172–175
Lowe AJ, Moule C, Trick M, Edwards KJ (2004) Efficient large-scale development of microsatellites for marker and mapping applications in Brassica crop species. Theor Appl Genet 108:1103–1112
Manzanares-Dauleux MJ, Delourme R, Baron F, Thomas G (2000) Mapping of one major gene and of QTLs involved in resistance to clubroot in Brassica napus. Theor Appl Genet 101:885–891
Manzanares-Dauleux MJ, Divaret I, Baron F, Thomas G (2001) Assessment of biological and molecular variability between and within field isolates of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Plant Pathol 50:165–173
Matsumoto E, Yasui C, Ohi M, Tsukada M (1998) Linkage analysis of RFLP markers for clubroot resistance and pigmentation in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). Euphytica 104:79–86
Michelmore RW, Meyers BC (1998) Clusters of resistance genes in plants evolve by divergent selection and a birth-and-death process. Genome Res 8:1113–1130
Michelmore RW, Paran I, Kesseli RV (1991) Identification of markers linked to disease-resistance genes by bulked segregant analysis: a rapid method to detect markers in specific genomic regions by using segregating populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:9828–9832
Nieuwhof M, Wiering D (1962) Clubroot resistance in Brassica oleracea L. Euphytica 11:233–239
Ooijen JW van, Voorrips RE (2001) JoinMap version 3.0: software for the calculation of genetic linkage maps. Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Parkin IAP, Sharpe AG, Keith DJ, Lydiate DJ (1995) Identification of the A and C genomes of amphidiploid Brassica napus (oilseed rape). Genome 38:1122–1133
Piao ZY, Deng YQ, Choi SR, Park YJ, Lim YP (2004) SCAR and CAPS mapping of CRb, a gene conferring resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). Theor Appl Genet 108:1458–1465
Rocherieux J, Glory P, Giboulot A, Boury S, Barbeyron G, Thomas G, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ (2004) Isolate-specific and broad-spectrum QTLs are involved in the control of clubroot in Brassica oleracea. Theor Appl Genet 108:1555–1563
Saito M, Kubo N, Matsumoto S, Suwabe K, Tsukada M, Hirai M (2006) Fine mapping of the clubroot resistance gene, Crr3, in Brassica rapa. Theor Appl Genet 114:81–91
Sakamoto K, Saito A, Taguchi G, Hayashida N, Matsumoto E (2006) Identification of three loci for clubroot resistance in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). Plant and animal genomes XIV conference, San Diego, California, USA. http://www.intl-pag.org/14/abstracts/PAG14_P398
SAS Institute (1999). User’s guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary
Some A, Manzanares MJ, Laurens F, Baron F, Thomas G, Rouxel F (1996) Variation for virulence on Brassica napus L. amongst Plasmodiophora brassicae collections from France and derived single-spore isolates. Plant Pathol 45:432–439
Speulman E, Bouchez D, Holub EB, Beynon JL (1998) Disease resistance gene homologs correlate with disease resistance loci of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 14:467–474
Suwabe K, Tsukazaki H, Iketani H, Hatakeyama K, Fujimura M, Nunome T, Fukuoka H, Matsumoto S, Hirai M (2003) Identification of two loci for resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) in Brassica rapa L. Theor Appl Genet 107:997–1002
Suwabe K, Tsukazaki H, Iketani H, Hatakeyama K, Kondo M, Fujimura M, Nunome T, Fukuoka H, Hirai M, Matsumoto S (2006) Simple sequence repeat-based comparative genomics between Brassica rapa and Arabidopsis thaliana: the genetic origin of clubroot resistance. Genetics 173:309–319
Utz HF, Melchinger AE (1996) PLABQTL: a program for composite interval mapping of QTL. J Quant Trait Loci 2(1)
Voorrips RE (1996) A one-hit model for the infection of clubroot-susceptible cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) by Plasmodiophora brassicae at various inoculum densities. Eur J Plant Pathol 102:109–114
Voorrips RE, Jongerius MC, Kanne HJ (1997) Mapping of two genes for resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) in a population of doubled haploid lines of Brassica olercea by means of RFLP and AFLP markers. Theor Appl Genet 94:75–82
Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, Reijans M, van de Lee T, Hornes M, Frijters A, Pot J, Peleman J, Kuiper M, Zabeau M (1995) AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Res 23:4407–4414
Wit F, Van de Weg M (1964) Clubroot-resistance in turnips (Brassica campestris L.). Euphytica 13:9–18
Acknowledgments
The authors thank I. Happstadius (Svalöv-Weibull AB), G. Thomas (INRA LeRheu), H. Busch (DSV Thüle) and G. Korporal (NPZ Hohenlieth) for kindly providing the P. brassicae isolates. Financial support by the “Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landschaft” is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by C. F. Quiros.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Werner, S., Diederichsen, E., Frauen, M. et al. Genetic mapping of clubroot resistance genes in oilseed rape. Theor Appl Genet 116, 363–372 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-007-0674-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-007-0674-2