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Epidemiologie des Prostatakarzinoms

Epidemiology of prostate cancer

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Zusammenfassung

Prostatakrebs ist hierzulande wie auch in anderen entwickelten Ländern seit einigen Jahren die häufigste Krebskrankheit bei Männern und hat damit Lungenkrebs von diesem Spitzenplatz verdrängt. Unter den häufigsten Krebsarten ist sie zugleich diejenige, über deren Ätiologie man am wenigsten weiß. Rauchen und Alkohol spielen offenbar keine Rolle, Hinweise auf Zusammenhänge gibt es für einige wenige Nahrungsmittel (z. B. Tomaten) bzw. Inhaltsstoffe (Lykopene), Übergewicht und mangelnde körperliche Bewegung sowie auf hormonelle Faktoren. Hoffnungen auf chemopräventive Ansätze haben sich bisher nicht erfüllt. Zur Früherkennung werden die digitale rektale Untersuchung (DRU) als Teil des deutschen gesetzlichen Früherkennungsprogramms und der Test auf prostataspezifisches Antigen (PSA) als „individuelle Gesundheitsleistung“ verwendet, beides ohne gesicherte wissenschaftliche Evidenz auf Wirksamkeit. Die mittlerweile vorliegenden Daten belegen indessen, dass die Entwicklung des Prostatakarzinoms zur häufigsten Krebsart maßgeblich durch die unstrukturierte Einführung des PSA-Tests als Früherkennungsmaßnahme hervorgerufen wurde. Zynisch formuliert ergibt sich aus diesen Zahlen im Umkehrschluss, dass die wirksamste derzeit bekannte „Präventions“-Maßnahme darin besteht, nicht zur Früherkennung zu gehen. Diese verfahren erscheinende Situation sollte gleichwohl nicht dazu verleiten, das Kind mit dem Bad auszuschütten. Eine ganze Reihe von Studienresultaten einschließlich zumindest der großen randomisierten Studie in Europa (ERSPC) weist darauf hin, dass eine klug eingesetzte Früherkennung, möglicherweise durchaus mit PSA, effektiv sein könnte. Auch hier gilt, dass sich abzeichnende neuartige Konzepte vor einer praktischen Anwendung in Forschungsprojekten auf Effektivität zu prüfen sind.

Abstract

Since a number of years, prostate cancer has been the most frequent cancer site among men in Germany and has replaced lung cancer as the leading position. Among the most frequent cancer sites, it is the one with the lowest available knowledge about etiology. Smoking and alcohol apparently do not play a role. Regarding food intake, indications exist for a protective association to tomatoes or lycopene consumption and a protective association was also seen with high physical activity, while risk seems to be elevated in obese men. Associations to hormonal factors have been observed and are under consideration. Trials with potential chemopreventive agents have been unsuccessful so far. For early detection, digital rectal examination has been part of the German statutory early detection program” from the very beginning in 1971 and the test for prostate specific antigen (PSA) is being used in the framework of the so-called individual health services, both without scientific evidence of effectiveness. The available data show that the progression of prostate cancer to the leading male cancer site was chiefly driven by the unstructured introduction of the PSA test as a screening tool. Cynically addressed, the figures indicate that the most efficient known preventive intervention was not to attend screening. This delicate situation should, however, not discourage from further examinations of prostate cancer screening. Recent results including the European randomized prostate cancer screening study (ERSPC) indicated that intelligently structured screening, possibly even using the PSA test, might be effective. Before routine application the novel approaches also have to be scrutinized in a research setting.

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Becker, N. Epidemiologie des Prostatakarzinoms. Radiologe 51, 922–929 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-011-2183-1

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