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Psycho- und Pharmakotherapie bei schädlichem Tabakgebrauch und -abhängigkeit

Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for harmful tobacco use and tobacco dependency

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Zusammenfassung

Tabakkonsum gehört zu den wichtigsten vermeidbaren gesundheitlichen Risikofaktoren. Jährlich versterben etwa 110.000 Menschen vorzeitig an tabakbedingten Erkrankungen. Etwa 50 % der regelmäßigen Raucher gelten als tabakabhängig. Dennoch ist die Aufhörbereitschaft gering und die langfristigen Abstinenzquoten sind bei bestehendem Abstinenzwunsch ohne professionelle Unterstützung bei weniger als 10 % angesiedelt. Im Rahmen der S3-Leitlinien wurden nach umfassender systematischer Recherche der aktuellen Literatur 78 Behandlungsempfehlungen zur Motivation und Frühintervention bei nicht aufhörbereiten Rauchern sowie zu psychotherapeutischen und pharmakologischen Unterstützungen des aufhörwilligen Rauchers formuliert. Mehr als 50 Fachgesellschaften verabschiedeten die Empfehlungen und Hintergrundtexte in einem aufwendigen Zertifizierungsprozess. In diesem Beitrag werden neben einer Darstellung der wissenschaftlichen Evidenzlage zu den psychotherapeutischen und pharmakologischen Therapiemöglichkeiten die Behandlungsempfehlungen und weitergehenden Hinweise zur Indikation und Behandlungsdurchführung wiedergegeben. Bei einer leitliniengerechten Behandlung des entwöhnungswilligen starken Rauchers unter Einsatz verhaltenstherapeutisch orientierter Einzel- oder Gruppentherapien mit medikamentöser Unterstützung lassen sich langfristige Erfolgsquoten von nahezu 30 % erzielen.

Abstract

Tobacco consumption is one of the major preventable health risk factors. In Germany approximately 110,000 people prematurely die from tobacco-related diseases and approximately 50 % of regular smokers are considered to be tobacco dependent. Nevertheless, motivation to quit smoking is low and the long-term abstinence rates after attempts to stop smoking without professional support are far below 10 %. As part of the S3 treatment guidelines 78 recommendations for motivation and early interventions for smokers unwilling to quit as well as psychotherapeutic and pharmacological support for smokers willing to quit were formulated after an systematic search of the current literature. More than 50 professional associations adopted the recommendations and background information in a complex certification process. In this article the scientific evidence base regarding the psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment options as well as recommendations and further information about indications and treatment implementation are presented. By following these guidelines for treatment of heavy smokers who are willing to quit combined with individual and group therapies on the basis of behavioral treatment strategies and pharmacological support, long-term success rates of almost 30 % can be achieved.

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Danksagung

Wir danken allen Fachgesellschaften und Institutionen für die finanzielle Unterstützung. Spenden und Zuwendungen von mehr als 10.000 EUR kamen von ZI, UKPP, DGPPN, DG-Sucht, Privatklinik Meiringen, DG-Suchtmedizin, Dt. Rentenversicherung Bund

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Interessenkonflikt

A. Batra: Teilnahme an Multicenterstudien der Firmen Alkermes, Pfizer, Pfizer Consumer Health Care, Johnson & Johnson. K.F. Mann: honorierte Beratertätigkeit für die Firmen Lundbeck und Pfizer. C. Kröger: Vortragshonorare von den Firmen Pfizer und Novartis. C. Schweizer: Seminartätigkeit, Kongressgebühren bei MEG. A. Jähne: Vortragshonorare: Daiichi Sankyo, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Sanofi; Beraterhonorare: Pfizer und Johnson & Johnson; Forschungsgelder: Johnson & Johnson. T. Rüther: Beratertätigkeiten und Vortragshonorare: Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson; Studienleiter klinischer Auftragsstudien zur Tabakentwöhnung: Pfizer. N. Thürauf erhielt Kongressgebühren- und Reisekostenerstattung sowie Vortragshonorare von Servier. S. Mühlig: Vortragshonorare: Pfizer, Mundipharma. K.U. Petersen und E. Hoch geben an, dass kein Interessenskonflikt besteht.

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Batra, A., Petersen, K.U., Hoch, E. et al. Psycho- und Pharmakotherapie bei schädlichem Tabakgebrauch und -abhängigkeit. Nervenarzt 87, 35–45 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-015-0037-1

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