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Neuropsychiatrische Aspekte der Chorea Huntington

Vorstellung zweier Fälle und Literaturübersicht

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Zusammenfassung

Bei der Chorea Huntington (HD) handelt es sich um eine autosomal-dominant vererbte Erkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems, die mit charakteristischen neurodegenerativen Veränderungen im Bereich der Basalganglien und des Kortex einhergeht. Obwohl das klinische Bild ebenso von kognitiven Defiziten und psychiatrischen Verhaltensauffälligkeiten gekennzeichnet ist, wird die HD aufgrund der beteiligten neurodegenerativen Veränderungen und charakteristischen Bewegungsstörungen üblicherweise dem neurologischen Fach zugeordnet. Im Gegensatz zu den traditionell betonten Kernmerkmalen „Chorea“ und „Demenz“ fokussiert die jüngere Wissenschaftsliteratur auf das Auftreten von nichtchoreatischen Bewegungsstörungen, subtilen kognitiven Defiziten und psychiatrischen Auffälligkeiten und zwar sowohl bei asymptomatischen Genträgern als auch in frühen Erkrankungsstadien. Die beiden folgenden Falldarstellungen illustrieren die enorme phänotypische Bandbreite der HD und veranschaulichen die damit assoziierten differenzialdiagnostischen Schwierigkeiten im klinischen Alltag. Es wird eine Literaturübersicht über die Vielfalt klinischer Manifestationen der HD gegeben und das differenzialdiagnostische Potenzial von neuropsychologischen Untersuchungsansätzen aufgezeigt.

Summary

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal, dominant, inherited disorder of the central nervous system with characteristic neurodegenerative alterations in the basal ganglia and cortex. Dependent on the individual CAG expansion load, disease onset occurs between the third or fourth decade of life, entailing an invariably lethal progression within 10 to 20 years. Although the clinical picture is characterized equally by cognitive and psychiatric disturbances, the apparent neurodegenerative alterations and presentation as a choreatic movement disorder account for the traditional link of Huntington’s disease to the field of neurology. In contrast to the traditionally emphasized core features of chorea and dementia, recent empirical evidence points to the frequent emergence of nonchoreatic motor signs and subtle cognitive and psychiatric complaints, especially in asymptomatic gene carriers and early disease stages. The case studies presented here emphasize the spectrum of neuropsychiatric phenomena associated with HD and illustrate the resulting difficulties of differential diagnosis in clinical settings. Furthermore, current scientific knowledge of HD pleiotrophy is reviewed and the diagnostic power of specific neuropsychological approaches is explained.

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Correspondence to D. F. Braus.

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Tost, H., Schmitt, A., Brassen, S. et al. Neuropsychiatrische Aspekte der Chorea Huntington. Nervenarzt 75, 258–266 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-003-1594-2

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