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Effects of environmental parameters on the chestnut gall wasp and its complex of indigenous parasitoids

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Abstract

The chestnut gall wasp (CGW), Dryocosmus kuriphilus, an invasive pest native to China, has caused severe yield and economic losses to chestnut production in Europe since its arrival in 2002. In Southern Italy, the complex of indigenous parasitoids colonizing CGW was monitored between 2013 and 2015, with the aim of estimating the composition of the indigenous parasitoid complex, its ability to control CGW populations, and the interactions of both factors with several measured environmental parameters. We compared results among three differently managed field types. Results showed an increase in the rate of parasitism both when the host population density was lower and in unmanaged chestnut stands with more natural conditions. The percentage of parasitism in galls was related to morphological traits of the galls and to higher seasonal temperatures, which reduced the parasitism intensity because CGW develops earlier under such conditions. The host–parasitoid mortality inside galls varied among sites and was associated mostly with rot fungi during wet spring and summer months. Parasitoid species richness was similar among the study sites, but the proportion of parasitoid species differed between orchards and unmanaged coppice stands. The timing of attack by parasitoids followed a species-specific successional sequence throughout the larva-to-adult life cycle of the CGW. These interactions should be considered in future research on trophic relationships and when modeling invasive scenarios for new pest species.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Russo Diego and Vono Gregorio for support with monitoring and Chiara Ferracini for contributing to insect identification. We are grateful to Lorenzo Covarelli and Laura Tosi from the University of Perugia for isolating and identifying fungi from galls and to Giovanni Spampinato from Università Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria for identifying plant species.

Funding

This research was financially supported by Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (PRIN 2010–2013, GEISCA project—Global Exotic Insect Sustainable Control Agroforestry), assigned to C. Bonsignore (Reggio Calabria) and U. Bernardo (Portici). Aspromonte National Park N. 451 [The cynipid gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu) in the National Park of Aspromonte: Study on adaptation to new environments and ecological response of native natural enemies] was assigned to C. Bonsignore (Reggio Calabria).

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  1. Laboratorio di Entomologia ed Ecologia Applicata, Dipartimento Patrimonio, Architettura, Urbanistica, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Salita Melissari, Reggio Calabria, Italy

    Carmelo Peter Bonsignore

  2. CNR, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, SS of Portici, Portici, NA, Italy

    Umberto Bernardo

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CPB and UB conceived and designed research. CPB conducted experiments. CPB and UB analyzed data. CPB and UB wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Carmelo Peter Bonsignore.

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Bonsignore, C.P., Bernardo, U. Effects of environmental parameters on the chestnut gall wasp and its complex of indigenous parasitoids. Sci Nat 105, 20 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-018-1545-1

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