Zusammenfassung
Trotz erheblicher Fortschritte der chirurgischen und intensivmedizinischen Therapie besitzt das schwere Verbrennungstrauma (>25% Körperoberfläche) eine weiterhin hohe Mortalität und Morbidität. Periphere Brandwunden lösen beim Schwerbrandverletzten eine systemische Entzündungsreaktion aus, die rasch den Gesamtorganismus und die Vitalfunktionen erfasst. Die umgehende Patientenüberweisung in ein Schwerbrandverletztenzentrum ist obligat. Nach thermischer Schädigung der physikochemischen Hautbarriere kommt es in der Verbrennungswunde zur Aktivierung inflammatorischer Mediatoren, die den Zusammenbruch mikrovaskulärer Endothelbarrieren mit Ödembildung sowie eine inflammatorische Organschädigung begünstigen. Die Primärbehandlung beinhaltet die Aufrechterhaltung zellulärer Oxygenierung durch zielorientierte Volumensubstitution und die Stabilisierung des pulmonalen Gasaustauschs. Ein frühes chirurgisches Débridement und die Deckung der Verbrennungswunde minimieren die Wundinfektion und bakterielle Invasion und stabilisieren Flüssigkeits- wie Hitzeverluste. Inflammation und verbrennungsassoziierte Immunsuppression begünstigen die Keiminvasion und Entwicklung der Verbrennungssepsis – ein Krankheitsbild, das trotz moderner Therapie Haupttodesursache auf Schwerbrandverletztenstationen bleibt.
Abstract
Despite significant advances in burn surgery and critical care, severe burn trauma defined as injuries covering more than 25% of the total body surface area, is still associated with high mortality and morbidity. Burn trauma is a whole body injury where peripheral dermal injury rapidly results in systemic inflammation and inflammatory core organ damage. The severe disturbance of internal homeostasis involves all vital organ systems and obligates early referral to specialized burn centers. Treatment of severely burned patients is a multifaceted challenge directed by pathophysiologic events which progress from local skin destruction, disruption of physicochemical and microvascular barriers to breakdown of peripheral and central circulation, organ failure and ultimately death. While early intensive care focuses on maintenance of tissue oxygenation and perfusion, surgical treatment deals with management of the burn wounds as a source of inflammation and infection. Here wound debridement and coverage is essential to abrogate systemic effects of inflammation and limit pathogen invasion. While control of early burn stages minimizes mortality due to burn shock, subsequent burn sepsis continues to be a formidable challenge for physicians and the main cause of burn mortality.
Literatur
Arturson G, Mellander S (1964) Acute changes in capillary filtration and diffusion in experimental burn injury. Acta Physiol Scand 62:457–463
Baxter CR (1974) Fluid volume and electrolyte changes of the early postburn period. Clin Plast Surg 1:693–703
Bone RC (1996) Immunologic dissonance: a continuing evolution in our understanding of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Ann Intern Med 125:680–687
Church D, Elsayed S, Reid O et al (2006) Burn wound infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 19:403–434
Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H et al (2004) Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 32:858–873
Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM et al (2008) Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit Care Med 36:296–327
DeSanti L (2005) Pathophysiology and current management of burn injury. Adv Skin Wound Care 18:323–332; quiz 332–334
Hansbrough JF, Field TO Jr, Gadd MA, Soderberg C (1987) Immune response modulation after burn injury: T cells and antibodies. J Burn Care Rehabil 8:509–512
Hershberger RC, Hunt JL, Arnoldo BD, Purdue GF (2007) Abdominal compartment syndrome in the severely burned patient. J Burn Care Res 28:708–714
Hoesel LM, Niederbichler AD, Schaefer J et al (2007) C5a-blockade improves burn-induced cardiac dysfunction. J Immunol 178:7902–7910
Ipaktchi K, Mattar A, Niederbichler AD et al (2006) Attenuating burn wound inflammatory signaling reduces systemic inflammation and acute lung injury. J Immunol 177:8065–8071
Jackson DM (1953) The diagnosis of the depth of burning. Br J Surg 40:588–596
Janzekovic Z (1970) A new concept in the early excision and immediate grafting of burns. J Trauma 10:1103–1108
Magnotti LJ, Deitch EA (2005) Burns, bacterial translocation, gut barrier function, and failure. J Burn Care Rehabil 26:383–391
O’Mara MS, Slater H, Goldfarb IW, Caushaj PF (2005) A prospective, randomized evaluation of intra-abdominal pressures with crystalloid and colloid resuscitation in burn patients. J Trauma 58:1011–1018
Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S et al (2006) An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med 355:2725–2732
Riedemann NC, Guo RF, Ward PA (2003) Novel strategies for the treatment of sepsis. Nat Med 9:517–524
Schneider DF, Glenn CH, Faunce DE (2007) Innate lymphocyte subsets and their immunoregulatory roles in burn injury and sepsis. J Burn Care Res 28:365–379
Stahel PF, Smith WR, Moore EE (2007) Role of biological modifiers regulating the immune response after trauma. Injury 38:1409–1422
Sullivan SR, Ahmadi AJ, Singh CN et al (2006) Elevated orbital pressure: another untoward effect of massive resuscitation after burn injury. J Trauma 60:72–76
Supple KG (2004) Physiologic response to burn injury. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 16:119–126
Wheeler AP (2007) Recent developments in the diagnosis and management of severe sepsis. Chest 132:1967–1976
Interessenkonflikt
Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
An erratum to this article can be found online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00113-009-1706-y
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ipaktchi, K., Vogt, P. Immunologie und Sepsissyndrom beim Brandverletzten. Unfallchirurg 112, 472–478 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-009-1652-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-009-1652-8