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Immunologie und Sepsissyndrom beim Brandverletzten

Immunology and sepsis syndrome in burn trauma

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An Erratum to this article was published on 13 September 2009

Zusammenfassung

Trotz erheblicher Fortschritte der chirurgischen und intensivmedizinischen Therapie besitzt das schwere Verbrennungstrauma (>25% Körperoberfläche) eine weiterhin hohe Mortalität und Morbidität. Periphere Brandwunden lösen beim Schwerbrandverletzten eine systemische Entzündungsreaktion aus, die rasch den Gesamtorganismus und die Vitalfunktionen erfasst. Die umgehende Patientenüberweisung in ein Schwerbrandverletztenzentrum ist obligat. Nach thermischer Schädigung der physikochemischen Hautbarriere kommt es in der Verbrennungswunde zur Aktivierung inflammatorischer Mediatoren, die den Zusammenbruch mikrovaskulärer Endothelbarrieren mit Ödembildung sowie eine inflammatorische Organschädigung begünstigen. Die Primärbehandlung beinhaltet die Aufrechterhaltung zellulärer Oxygenierung durch zielorientierte Volumensubstitution und die Stabilisierung des pulmonalen Gasaustauschs. Ein frühes chirurgisches Débridement und die Deckung der Verbrennungswunde minimieren die Wundinfektion und bakterielle Invasion und stabilisieren Flüssigkeits- wie Hitzeverluste. Inflammation und verbrennungsassoziierte Immunsuppression begünstigen die Keiminvasion und Entwicklung der Verbrennungssepsis – ein Krankheitsbild, das trotz moderner Therapie Haupttodesursache auf Schwerbrandverletztenstationen bleibt.

Abstract

Despite significant advances in burn surgery and critical care, severe burn trauma defined as injuries covering more than 25% of the total body surface area, is still associated with high mortality and morbidity. Burn trauma is a whole body injury where peripheral dermal injury rapidly results in systemic inflammation and inflammatory core organ damage. The severe disturbance of internal homeostasis involves all vital organ systems and obligates early referral to specialized burn centers. Treatment of severely burned patients is a multifaceted challenge directed by pathophysiologic events which progress from local skin destruction, disruption of physicochemical and microvascular barriers to breakdown of peripheral and central circulation, organ failure and ultimately death. While early intensive care focuses on maintenance of tissue oxygenation and perfusion, surgical treatment deals with management of the burn wounds as a source of inflammation and infection. Here wound debridement and coverage is essential to abrogate systemic effects of inflammation and limit pathogen invasion. While control of early burn stages minimizes mortality due to burn shock, subsequent burn sepsis continues to be a formidable challenge for physicians and the main cause of burn mortality.

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Correspondence to K. Ipaktchi Associate Professor.

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An erratum to this article can be found online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00113-009-1706-y

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Ipaktchi, K., Vogt, P. Immunologie und Sepsissyndrom beim Brandverletzten. Unfallchirurg 112, 472–478 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-009-1652-8

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