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Neue Plättchenhemmstoffe und die Frage der dualen Hemmung

New antiplatelet agents and the question of dual antiplatelet therapy

  • Arzneimitteltherapie
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Zusammenfassung

Die Einführung von Clopidogrel zur Verwendung mit Acetylsalicylsäure (ASS) in der dualen Antiplättchentherapie hat das Risiko atherothrombotischer Gefäßverschlüsse bei Patienten mit akutem Koronarsyndrom (ACS) nachhaltig reduziert. Andererseits kam es häufiger zu schweren Blutungen und die Gesamtmortalität blieb unverändert. Damit stellte sich die Frage nach alternativen Pharmaka, insbesondere Antagonisten des thrombozytären P2Y12-ADP-Rezeptors, mit besserer Pharmakokinetik und -dynamik sowie größerer therapeutischer Breite.

Prasugrel war der erste dieser neu entwickelten Wirkstoffe. Die Substanz senkte in der TRITON-TIMI-38-Studie bei ACS-Patienten die Häufigkeit ischämischer Ereignisse stärker als Clopidogrel, allerdings auf Kosten einer Zunahme schwerer und lebensbedrohender Blutungen. Ticagrelor, ein reversibel wirkender P2Y12-ADP-Rezeptorantagonist, war in der PLATO-Studie bei ACS-Patienten ebenfalls Clopidogrel überlegen. Die Häufigkeit schwerer und tödlicher Blutungen bei Patienten ohne bypasschirurgischen Eingriff war erhöht, die Gesamtmortalität aber vermindert. Die Gründe dafür sind unklar. Neben differenten Patientenkollektiven und Behandlungsprotokollen sind unterschiedliche pharmakologische Eigenschaften der Substanzen mögliche Gründe. Ein direkter Vergleich beider Medikamente in einer Studie steht noch aus.

Abstract

The introduction of clopidogrel for use with aspirin (ASA) as a dual antiplatelet therapy has markedly reduced the risk of atherothrombotic vessel occlusion in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, stronger antiplatelet therapy has also been associated with significant increases in severe bleeding, resulting in no change in mortality rates. This raised the question of pharmacological alternatives, specifically new antagonists of the platelet P2Y12-ADP receptor, which exhibit better pharmacokinetic and dynamic properties than clopidogrel, as well as improved clinical safety.

Prasugrel, the first of these newly developed agents and another thienopyridine, was more potent than clopidogrel in the TRITON-TIMI-38 study in reducing ischemic events in ACS patients, but also increased severe bleeding. Ticagrelor, a structurally different reversible antagonist of the P2Y12 receptor, was superior to clopidogrel in the PLATO trial on ACS patients, but also increased the risk of severe bleeding in patients not requiring bypass surgery. Interestingly, ticagrelor reduced mortality in PLATO. There have been no satisfying explanations for this phenomenon to date. In addition to different patient populations and treatment protocols, the varying pharmacological properties of these substances are discussed as possible causes. A direct comparison of the two medications in a single study remains to be undertaken.

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Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor weist auf folgende Beziehungen hin: Der Autor ist Mitglied von Advisory Boards der Firmen Bayer (Acetylsalicylsäure) sowie Daiichi-Sankyo/Lilly (Prasugrel) und nimmt eine honorierte Vortragstätigkeit für diese Firmen sowie Astra-Zeneca (Ticagrelor) wahr. Ein Forschungsprojekt des Autors zu vaskulären Prasugrelwirkungen wurde von Daiichi-Sankyo/Lilly unterstützt.

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Schrör, K. Neue Plättchenhemmstoffe und die Frage der dualen Hemmung. Internist 53, 351–356 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-011-2998-x

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