Abstract
The collapse of Eucalyptus urophydis wood during conventional kiln drying prevents the widespread use of its wood products. This research aims to explore its collapse and recovery characteristics, as well as the effect of continuous and cyclic drying. The collapse was measured by total shrinkage, and cell deformation was observed at three critical points using scanning electron microscopy. The collapse and recovery were investigated by integrating the shrinkage curves and observing the cell micro-deformation. The results showed that the continuous drying rate was faster than that of cyclic drying, especially when the moisture content was below the fiber saturation point. Compared with relative humidity, the temperature had a greater effect on the tangential absolute dry shrinkage. Although cyclic drying decreased collapse, its effect was apparent only at low temperatures and was weak at high temperatures. The collapse recovery time was affected by temperature, and recovery occurred quickly at high temperatures, and the moisture content range was longer. In contrast to continuous drying, the high relative humidity period during cyclic drying led to earlier collapse recovery. The degree and trends of microscopic collapse were consistent with the macroscopic scanning measurements.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Almeida G, Brito JO, Perre P (2009) Changes in wood-water relationship due to heat treatment assessed on micro-samples of three Eucalyptus species. Holzforsch 63:80–88
Ananias RA, Perez P, Salinas C, Elustondo D (2013) Drying schedules for canelo wood. Dry Technol 31:282 – 285. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2012.725687.85338728
Babiak M, Kúdela J (1995) A contribution to the definition of the fiber saturation point. Wood Sci Technol 29(3):217–226
Baranski J (2018) Moisture content during and after high and normal temperature drying processes of wood. Dry Technol 36:751–761. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2017.1355319
Blakemore P, Langrish TAG (2008) Effect of pre-drying schedule ramping on collapse recovery and internal checking with Victorian ash eucalypts. Wood Sci Technol 42(6):473–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-008-0185-6
Blakemore P, Northway R (2009) Review, of and recommendations for, research into preventing or ameliorating drying related internal and surface checking in commercially important hardwood species in south-eastern Australia. FWPA Project PNB047-0809. http://www.fwpa.com.au/images/processing/PNB047-0809_Research_Report_Surface_Internal_0.pdf. Accessed 12 June 2014
Bond BH, Espinoza O (2016) A decade of improved lumber drying technology. Curr For Rep 2:106–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-016-0034-z
Bryan EL (1960) Collapse and its removal in pacific madrone (Arbutusmenziesii). For Pro J 10(11):589–604
Calonego FW, Severo ETD, Cunha AR, Gaia DC (2010) Use of glass transition temperature for stabilization of boards cracks of Eucalyptus grandis. An Acad Bras Cienc 82(3):1–7
Chafe SC (1985) The distribution and interrelationship of collapse, volumetric shrinkage, moisture content and density in trees of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. Wood Sci Technol 19:329–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00350810
Chafe SC (1995) Preheating and continuous and intermittent drying in boards of Eucalyptus regans F. Muell. II. Changes in shrinkage and moisture content during drying. Holzforschung 49:234–238. https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1995.49.3.234
Chafe SC, Barnacle JE, Hunter AJ, Ilic J, Northway RL, Rozsa AN (1992) Collapse: an introduction. CSIRO division of forest products, Melbourne, pp 9
Fan Z, Zongying F, Yongdong Z, Jingyao Z, Xin G, Jinghui J (2020) Moisture transfer and stress development during high-temperature drying of Chinese fir. Dry Technol 38(4):545–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2019.1588900
Gu LB (2007) Recent research and development in wood drying technologies in China. Dry Technol 25:463–469. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373930601183900
Guo W, Fei BH, Chen EL (2009) Wood structural construction industry in China. China Wood Ind 23:19–22
Hattori Y, Kanagawa Y, Terazawa S (1979) Progress of shrinkage in wood. III. An observation of the development of the cell-collapse by the freeze-drying method . Mokuzai Gakkaishi 25(3):191–196 ((In Japanese))
Jankowsky IP, Luiz MG (2006) Review of wood drying research in Brazil: 1984–2004. Dry Technol 24:447–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373930600611893
Kauman W (1964) Cell collapse in wood. CSIRO Division of Forest Products, Melbourne, p 59
Kelsey KE (1956) The shrinkage-intersection point its significance and method of its determination. For Prod J 6:411–416
Kiemle SN, Zhang X, Esker AR, Toriz G, Gatenholm P, Cosgrove DJ (2014) Role of (1,3)(1,4)-β-glucan in cell walls: interaction with cellulose. Biomacromol 15(5):1727–1736. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm5001247
Kong LL, Zhao ZJ, He ZB, Yi SL (2018) Development of schedule to steaming prior to drying and its effects on Eucalyptus grandis_E. urophylla Wood. Eur J Wood Prod 76:591–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-017-1199-2
Kuo ML, Arganbright DG (1978) SEM observation of collapse in wood. IAWA Bull 2–3:40–46
Lin Y, Honghai L, Yingchun C, Zhihui Wu (2019) A novel method of studying the collapsed cell of Eucalyptus wood using x-ray CT scanning. Dry Technol 37(12):1597–1604. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2018.1519572
Peres ML, Delucis RDA, Gatto DA, Reltrame R (2015) Solid wood bending of Eucalyptus grandis wood plasticized by steam and boiling. Ambient Constr 15(2):169–177
Phonetip K, Ozarska B, Brodie GI (2017) Comparing two internal check measurement methods for wood drying quality assessment. Eur J Wood Prod 75:139–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-016-1115-1
Redman AL, Bailleres H, Turner I, Perre P (2016) Characterisation of wood–water relationships and transverse anatomy and their relationship to drying degrade. Wood Sci Technol 50(4):739–757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-016-0818-0
Rezende RN, Lima JT, Paula LER, Silva JRMD (2015) Effect of the steaming on the drying of Eucalyptus grandis boards. Cerne 21(1):37–43
Santos JA (2002) Recovering dimension and form in collapse distorted boards. In: Proceedings of 4th cost E15 workshop. Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Severo ET, Calonego FW, De Matos CA (2010) Lumber quality of Eucalyptus grandis as a function of diametrical position and log steaming. Bioresource Technol 101(7):25–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.083
Severo ET, Tomaselli I, Calonego FW, Ferreira AL, Mendes LM (2013) Effect of steam thermal treatment on the drying process of Eucalyptus dunnii variables. Cerne 19:637–645. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-77602013000400014
Skaar C (1988) Wood water relations. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Vermaas HF (1995) Drying eucalypts for quality: material characteristics, pre-drying treatments, drying methods, schedules and optimization of drying quality. S Afr For J 174:41–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00382167.1995.9629877
Vermaas HF (2000) A review of drying technology for young fast-grown Eucalypts. In: Proceedings of the IUFRO internaional conference on the future of Eucalypts for wood products, Tasmania, pp 193–203
Vermaas HF, Bariska M (1995) Collapse during low temperature drying of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill and Pinus sylvestris L. Holzforsch. Holzverw 47:35–40
Wu YQ, Hayashi K, Liu Y, Cai YC, Sugimori M (2005) Collapse-type shrinkage characteristics in wood from plantation-grown eucalyptus in China subjected to the continuous and intermittent drying regimes. In: 9th international IUFRO wood drying conference, Nanjing, pp 441–449
Wu YQ, Hayashi K, Cai YC (2009) Collapse-type shrinkage in plantation-grown eucalyptus cells when subjected to heat-steam treatment. Mater Sci Forum 620–622:217–220. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.620-622.217
Xu J (2011) China’s new forests aren’t as green as they seem. Nature News 371:477
Yang MS, Xie YJ, Liu JF (2011) Eucalyptus in China for 30 years (1981–2010). China Forestry Publishing, Beijing
Yang L, Liu HH, Cai YC, Hayashi K, Wu ZH (2014) Effect of drying conditions on the collapse-prone wood of Eucalyptus urophylla. BioRes 9:7288–7298. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.9.4.7288-7298
Yuniarti K, Ozaraka B, Brodie G, Harris G, Waugh G (2015) Collapse development of Eucalyptus saligna under different drying temperatures. J Trop For Sci 27(4):462–471
Zhang YL, Miao P, Zhuang SZ, Wang XM, Xia JW, Wu LM (2011) Improving the dry-ability of eucalyptus by pre-microwave or pre-freezing treatment. J Nanjing For Univ 35:61–64. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2011.02.013
Zhao J, Cai Y (2017) A comprehensive mathematical model of heat and moisture transfer for wood convective drying. Holzforschung 71(5):425–435. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0148
Funding
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31870545 and 31570558) and Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education (SWZ-MS201903), financially supported this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
LY: conceived and designed the experiments; LY and HL: analyzed the data and wrote the paper.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, L., Liu, H. Study of the collapse and recovery of Eucalyptus urophydis during conventional kiln drying. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 79, 129–137 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01614-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01614-w