Skip to main content
Log in

Therapie der Hyperthermie bei Sepsis und septischem Schock

Erforderlich oder schädlich?

Therapy of hyperthermia in sepsis and septic shock

Necessary or injurious?

  • Medizin aktuell
  • Published:
Der Anaesthesist Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Fieber geht bei kritisch kranken Patienten mit einer Erhöhung der Mortalität und der Morbidität einher. Was jedoch dabei nach wie vor unklar bleibt, ist die Frage, ob Fieber nur als Symptom einer Grunderkrankung zu werten ist, die für die erhöhte Risikosituation verantwortlich ist, oder ob Fieber selber die pathophysiologischen Veränderungen induziert, die dieses Phänomen verursacht. Eine Hyperthermie geht mit einigen für einen kritisch kranken und septischen Patienten potenziell gefährdenden pathophysiologischen Veränderungen einher, die durch antipyretische Therapiemaßnahmen gebessert werden können. Hier sind insbesondere die durch den stark erhöhten Energieumsatz verursachten kardiopulmonalen Belastungen zu nennen. Andererseits ruft Fieber jedoch auch einige Veränderungen hervor, die die Immunantwort und damit die Abwehrlage des Patienten erheblich zu optimieren vermögen. Insbesondere der septische Patient, bei dem eine Infektion zumindest wahrscheinlich ist, würde gegebenenfalls durch fiebersenkende Therapiemaßnahmen dieser Immunkompetenz beraubt und eventuell zusätzlich gefährdet. Es lässt sich aus den bisher verfügbaren Erkenntnissen ableiten, dass sich eine Temperatur oberhalb von 40°C negativ auf den Krankheitsverlauf und die Abwehrkraft des Patienten auswirkt, sodass hier durchaus eine Behandlungsschwelle genannt werden kann. Nach jetziger Kenntnis ist bei septischen Patienten ein Temperaturbereich zwischen 36–39°C anzustreben. Es gibt jedoch bisher keine klinischen Daten, die die Überlegenheit irgendeiner antipyretischen Therapiemaßnahme bei septischem Krankheitsbild belegen können. Diesen Nachweis zu führen, ist unter Berücksichtigung der vielfältigen Ursachen einer fieberhaften Reaktion bei kritisch Kranken mit Sepsis sowie des multifaktoriellen Krankheitsbildes der Sepsis ein ausgeprochen schwieriger Weg.

Abstract

In critically ill patients fever is associated with an increased morbidity and mortality rate. However, it remains unclear whether fever is an associated symptom of the underlying severe disease or a stimulator of specific pathophysiological cascades considered responsible for a deleterious outcome. Hyperthermia per se induces systemic changes like increased energy and oxygen demands, tachycardia, or fluid loss which might be harmful especially in septic patients due to congestion of the cardiovascular system. In this constellation a reduction of fever by antipyretic strategies might be indicated to decrease oxygen and energy demands. On the other hand the increasing body temperature obviously plays an important role in the inflammatory hemostasis during infections. Fever optimises humoral and cellular responses to infection and has some direct effects on bacteria and other microorganisms. Therefore, in severe sepsis or septic shock, fever reduction might impair the immune competency of the patients. According to the currently available evidence a body temperature higher than 40°C is definitely harmful and should be treated in any case. A temperature range between 36°C and 39°C should be achieved for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. At present there are no data showing the superiority of any of the different antipyrectic strategies in septic patients. Hence, external cooling with cold blankets or other devices may induce shivering of the muscles with a substantial increase of oxygen demand and is hardly tolerated in conscious patients. However, antipyretic therapy in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock should be indicated while considering the individual pathophysiology of every patient.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2

Literatur

  1. Kluger MJ, Ringler DH, Anver MR (1975) Fever and survival. Science 188: 166–168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bernheim HA, Kluger W (1976) Fever: effects of drug induced antipyresis on survival. Science 193: 237–239

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC et al. (2003) 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definition Conference. Crit Care Med 31: 1250–1256

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Circiumaru B, Baldock G, Cohen J (1999) A prospective study of fever in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 25: 668–673

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Peres Bota D, Ferreira FL, Mélot C, Vincent JL (2004) Body temperature alterations in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med 30: 811–816

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Barie PS, Hydo LJ, Eachempati SR (2004) Causes and consequences of fever complicating critical surgical illness. Surg Infect 5: 145–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bone HG et al. (2005) Epidemiology of severe sepsis and septic shock in Germany – Results from the German Prevalence Study. Infection 33 [Suppl 1]: S49

  8. Dinarello CA (2004) Infection, fever, and exogenous and endogenous pyrogens: some concepts have changed. J Endotoxin Res 10: 201–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Manthous CA, Hall JB, Olson D et al. (1995) Effect of cooling on oxygen consumption in febrile critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151: 10–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Gozzoli V, Treggiari MM, Kleger GR et al. (2004) Randomized trial of the effect of antipyresis by metamizol, propacetamol or external cooling on metabolism, hemodynamics and inflammatory response. Intensive Care Med 30: 401–407

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Haupt MT, Rackow EC (1983) Adverse effects of febrile state on cardiac performance. Am Heart J 105: 763–768

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Lenhardt R, Negishi C, Sessler DI et al. (1999) The effects of physical treatment on induced fever in humans. Am J Med 106: 550–555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bernard GR, Wheeler AP, Russell JA et al. (1997) The effects of ibuprofen on the physiology and survival of patients with sepsis. N Engl J Med 336: 912–918

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Arons MM, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR et al. (1999) Effects of ibuprofen on the physiology and survival of hypothermic sepsis. Crit Care Med 27: 699–707

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Clemmer TP, Fisher CJ, Bone RC et al. (1992) Hypothermia in the sepsis syndrome and clinical outcome. The Methylprednisolone Severe Sepsis Study Group. Crit Care Med 20: 1395–1401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Töllner B, Roth J, Störr B et al. (2000) The role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the febrile and metabolic responses of rats to intraperitoneal injection of a high dose of lipopolysaccharide. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 440: 925–932

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Romanovsky AA, Szekely M (1998) Fever and hypothermia: two adaptive thermoregulatory responses to systemic inflammation. Med Hypotheses 50: 219–226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kregel KC (2002) Heat shock proteins: modifying factors in physiological stress responses and acquired thermotolerance. J Appl Physiol 92: 2177–2186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ryan M, Levy MM (2003) Clinical review: fever in intensive care unit patients. Crit Care 7: 221–225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bohrer H, Qiu F, Zimmermann T et al. (1997) Role of NFkappaB in the mortality of sepsis. J Clin Invest 100: 972–985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Nahas GG, Tannieres ML, Lennon JF (1971) Direct measurement of leukocyte motility: effect of pH and temperature. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 138: 350–352

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Oss CJ van, Absolom DR, Moore LL et al. (1980) Effect of temperature on the chemotaxis, phagocytic engulfment, digestion, and O2 consumption of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Reticuloendothel Soc 27: 561–565

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Sebag J, Reed WP, Williams RC Jr (1977) Effect of temperature on bacterial killing by serum and by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect Immun 16: 947–954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Yoshioka H, Koga S, Maeta M et al. (1990) The influence of hyperthermia in vitro on the functions of peritoneal macrophages in mice. Jpn J Surg 20: 119–122

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kluger MJ (1991) Fever: role of pyrogens and cryogens. Physiol Rev 71: 93–127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Green MH, Vermeulen CW (1994) Fever and control of gram negative bacteria. Res Microbiol 145: 267–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Axelrod P (2000) External cooling in the management of fever. Clin Infect Dis 31 [Suppl 5]: 224–229

  28. Friedman PL, Brown EJ Jr, Gunther S et al. (1981) Coronary vasoconstrictor effect of indomethacin in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 305: 1171–1175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Plaisance KI (2000) Toxicities of drugs used in the management of fever. Clin Infect Dis 31 [Suppl 5]: 219–223

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kuikka A, Valtonen VV (1998) Factors associated with improved outcome of pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in a Finnish University Hospital. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 17: 701–708

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. El-Radhi AS, Barry BW (2003) Do antipyretics prevent febrile convulsions? Arch Dis Child 88: 641–642

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Werner H, Kuntsche J (2000) Fieber im Alter: Was ist anders? Z Gerontol Geriatr 33: 350–356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cairns CJS, Andrews PJD (2002) Management of hyperthermia in traumatic brain injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 8: 106–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Stocchetti N, Protti A, Lattuada M et al. (2005) Impact of pyrexia on neurochemistry and cerebral oxygenation after acute brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76: 1135–1139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Maas R, Dearden M, Teasdale GM et al. (1997) EBIC-Guidelines for management of severe head injury in adults. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 139: 286–294

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. Theilen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Theilen, H., Ragaller, M. Therapie der Hyperthermie bei Sepsis und septischem Schock. Anaesthesist 56, 949–956 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-007-1211-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-007-1211-z

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation