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Unerwünschte Wachheit während Allgemeinanästhesie

Unwanted wakefulness during general anesthesia

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Zusammenfassung

Unerwünschte Wachheit während Anästhesie ist ein relevantes Problem: Bewusstes Wacherleben mit Schmerzerinnerung tritt in 0,03%, ohne Schmerzerinnerung in 0,1–0,2% aller Anästhesien auf. Bewusstseinsleistungen ohne Erinnerungen und unbewusste Erinnerungen sind noch häufiger, die aktuelle Inzidenz ist nicht bekannt. Eine ausreichende Analgesie minimiert die mögliche Schmerzwahrnehmung. Opioide, Benzodiazepine und Lachgas allein oder in Kombination weisen die höchste Inzidenz intraoperativer Wachheit auf. Volatile Anästhetika, Etomidate, Barbiturate und Propofol blockieren in ausreichender Dosierung effektiv die Reizverarbeitung und können intraoperative Wachheit verhindern. Wachepisoden können schwere Beeinträchtigungen des Patienten bis zu posttraumatischen Verhaltensstörungen nach sich ziehen. Die Beobachtung klinischer Zeichen detektiert intraoperative Wachheit beim relaxierten Patienten nicht zuverlässig. Die Überwachung der endtidalen Anästhetikakonzentration, EEG und evozierte Potenziale können hilfreich sein. Eine spezifische Aufklärung bleibt Risikopatienten vorbehalten. Berichte über Wachepisoden sollten ernst genommen werden, bei anhaltenden Beeinträchtigungen ist psychologische Hilfe nötig.

Abstract

Intraoperative wakefulness (“awareness”) is still a relevant problem. Different stages of wakefulness exist: conscious awareness with explicit recall of pain in 0.03% and with nonpainful explicit recall in 0.1–0.2% of all anesthesias; amnesic awareness or implicit recall may occur with unknown, even higher incidences. Sufficient analgesia minimizes possible painful perceptions. Opioids, benzodiazepines, and N2O alone or combined lead to the highest incidences of nonpainful intraoperative wakefulness. Volatile anesthetics, etomidate, barbiturates, and propofol in sufficient doses effectively block any sensory processing and therefore abolish intraoperative wakefulness. Intraoperative awareness with recall may lead to sustained impairment of the patients, in severe cases even to a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The observation of clinical signs does not reliably detect intraoperative wakefulness in all cases; monitoring of end-tidal gas concentrations, EEG, or evoked potentials may help in prevention. Active information is recommended only for patients at higher risk. Complaints about recall of intraoperative events should be taken seriously; in cases of sustained symptoms psychological help may be necessary.

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Daunderer, M., Schwender, D. Unerwünschte Wachheit während Allgemeinanästhesie. Anaesthesist 53, 581–594 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-004-0691-3

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