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Comparing the attraction of two parasitoids to herbivore-induced volatiles of maize and its wild ancestors, the teosintes

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Abstract

Artificial selection of crop plants for desired traits such as increased yield and improved seed or fruit quality has been hypothesized to have had a cost for other potentially useful traits, including resistance to herbivores. Besides direct defences, such as the production of toxins, plants may also indirectly protect themselves by emitting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that attract the natural enemies of herbivores. Parasitoid wasps are known to use these VOCs to localize hosts for their offspring. However, domestication and selective breeding of crop plants have reportedly led to the loss of such signals. The aim of this study was to identify possible differences in the attraction of parasitoid wasps by modern maize and its wild ancestors, the teosintes. In a six-arm olfactometer, we compared the capacity of teosintes and maize to attract the parasitoid wasps Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). We studied the attractiveness of plants in which VOC emission was induced by the application of artificial damage and caterpillar regurgitant, as well as the attractiveness of extracts of volatiles that we collected from plants exposed to herbivory. C. sonorensis did not distinguish between the odours of maize and teosintes, whereas C. marginiventris showed a significant preference for the odours of teosintes over the odours of maize. The fact that we obtained very similar results with extracts of collected volatiles implies that we could use these extracts to identify the key compounds that are responsible for wasp attraction. Restoring and/or enhancing such key parasitoid attractants in cultivated plants could be an effective way to increase natural pest control.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Matthias Held for advice on statistical analysis and Thomas Degen and Yury Alvear Smith for technical assistance. We thank the USDA-ARS (United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service) for providing us with teosinte seeds and Syngenta (Stein, Switzerland) for the weekly shipments of S. littoralis eggs. We are grateful to Yves Borcard and students of the University of Neuchâtel for parasitoid rearing. The picture in Online Resource 1 was made by Matthias Held and Fig. 1 was created by Thomas Degen (http://www.thomas-degen.ch).

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  1. Elvira S. de Lange

    Present address: Philip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Rutgers University, 125A Lake Oswego Road, Chatsworth, NJ, 08019, USA

  2. Kevin Farnier

    Present address: Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia

  3. Benjamin Gaudillat

    Present address: UMR ‘Peuplements Végétaux et Bio-agresseurs en Milieu Tropical’, CIRAD/Université de La Réunion, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l’IRAT, 97410, Saint-Pierre, France

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

    Elvira S. de Lange, Kevin Farnier, Benjamin Gaudillat & Ted C. J. Turlings

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de Lange, E.S., Farnier, K., Gaudillat, B. et al. Comparing the attraction of two parasitoids to herbivore-induced volatiles of maize and its wild ancestors, the teosintes. Chemoecology 26, 33–44 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00049-015-0205-6

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