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Autophagy in stem and progenitor cells

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Abstract

Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process, responsible for the degradation and recycling of damaged and/or outlived proteins and organelles. This is the major cellular pathway, acting throughout the formation of cytosolic vesicles, called autophagosomes, for the delivering to lysosome. Recycling of cellular components through autophagy is a crucial step for cell homeostasis as well as for tissue remodelling during development. Impairment of this process has been related to the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration, to the response to bacterial and viral infections, and to ageing. The ability of stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into the mature cells of the body renders this unique type of cell highly crucial to development and tissue renewal, not least in various diseases. During the last two decades, extensive knowledge about autophagy roles and regulation in somatic cells has been acquired; however, the picture about the role and the regulation of autophagy in the different types of stem cells is still largely unknown. Autophagy is a major player in the quality control and maintenance of cellular homeostasis, both crucial factors for stem cells during an organism’s life. In this review, we have highlighted the most significant advances in the comprehension of autophagy regulation in embryonic and tissue stem cells, as well as in cancer stem cells and induced pluripotent cells.

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Abbreviations

ATG genes:

Autophagy-related genes

BATF:

ATF-like transcription factor

BM-MSCs:

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

CAV-1:

Caveolin 1

CP-MSCs:

Chorionic plate-derived mesenchymal stem cells

CSCs:

Cancer stem cells

DCIS:

Comedo-ductal carcinoma in situ

Ebs:

Embryoid bodies

EMT:

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

ESCs:

Embryonic stem cells

FRS2:

FGF receptors substrate 2 a

GBM:

Glioblastoma

GC:

Glucocorticoid

HDACs:

Histone deacetylases

HES3-GFP-LC3:

hESCs constitutively expressing GFP-LC3

hESCs:

Human ESC

HIF1A:

Hypoxia inducible factor 1 a

HPs:

Haematopoietic progenitors

HSCs:

Haematopoietic stem cells

HSPC:

Haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell

iPSCs:

Induced pluripotent stem cells

MACP:

Mitochondrial anion carrier protein

M-BMSCs:

Mandible-derived BMSCs

MFs:

Macrophages

MP:

Methyl pyruvate

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stem cells

NSCs:

Neuronal stem cells

NuRD:

Nucleosome remodelling deacetylase

Obs:

Osteoblasts

OXPHOS:

Oxidative phosphorylation

PA:

Pluripotency associated proteins

PCD:

Programmed cell death

RBC:

Red blood cells

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SATB2:

Special AT-rich binding protein 2

SCF:

Stem cell factor

SD-MSCs:

Serum deprived mesenchymal stem cells

SVZ:

Sub ventricular zone

T-BMSCs:

Mandible-derived BMSCs

TCA:

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

UCP2:

Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2

UPS:

Ubiquitin–proteasome system

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy

    Carlo Rodolfo, Sabrina Di Bartolomeo & Francesco Cecconi

  2. IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy

    Carlo Rodolfo, Sabrina Di Bartolomeo & Francesco Cecconi

  3. Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Francesco Cecconi

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  1. Carlo Rodolfo
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Rodolfo, C., Di Bartolomeo, S. & Cecconi, F. Autophagy in stem and progenitor cells. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 73, 475–496 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-015-2071-3

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