Abstract
Background
Endotoxemia is a major cause of mortality in large animals and there are several therapeutic regimens for the treatment of endotoxemia. Recent studies have suggested the anti-inflammatory effects of insulin in endotoxemic human and laboratory animal models but to the best of our knowledge there is no report on the possible therapeutic effect of insulin in large animal endotoxemia.
Objective
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of insulin regular compared with flunixin meglumine on the treatment of endotoxemia in sheep.
Methods
Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli was administered intravenously to ewes. Anti-inflammatory effects of flunixin meglumine (at 2.2 mg/kg) and insulin regular (at 1.5 and 3 IU/kg) were evaluated by determination of serum concentrations of acute phase proteins, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress biomarkers.
Results
Insulin regular at 3 IU/kg controlled the acute phase response following endotoxemia induction. The anti-inflammatory potency of insulin regular at 3 IU/kg was significantly higher than at 1.5 IU/kg and of flunixin meglumine at 2.2 mg/kg (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Insulin regular induces its anti-inflammatory effects in a dose-dependent manner. Intravenous use of insulin regular can be a potential new therapeutic regimen for endotoxemia in large animal medicine.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD. Toxemia and endotoxemia. In: Veterinary medicine: a text book of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. 10th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2007. p. 53–60.
Moore JN, Barton MH. Treatment of endotoxemia. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2003;19:681–95.
Dandona P, Mohanty P, Chaudhuri A, Garg R, Aljada A. Insulin infusion in acute illness. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:2069–72.
Leffler M, Hrach T, Stuerzl M, Horch RE, Herndon DN, Jeschke MG. Insulin attenuates apoptosis and exerts anti-inflammatory effects in endotoxemic human macrophages. J Surg Res. 2007;143:398–406.
Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, Meersseman W, Wouters PJ, Milants I, Van Wijngaerden E, Bobbaers H, Bouillon R. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:449–61.
Jeschke MG, Klein D, Bolder U, Einspanier R. Insulin attenuates the systemic inflammatory response in endotoxemic rats. Endocrinology. 2004;145:4084–93.
Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1368–77.
Iwasaki Y, Nishiyama M, Taguchi T, Asai M, Yoshida M, Kambayashi M, Terada Y, Hashimoto K. Insulin exhibits short-term anti-inflammatory but long-term proinflammatory effects in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009;298:25–32.
Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000. p. 891–896.
Paglia DE, Valentine WN. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med. 1967;70:158–69.
Eckersall PD. Recent advances and future prospects for the use of acute phase proteins as markers of disease in animals. Rev Med Vet. 2000;151:577–84.
Petersen HH, Nielsen JP, Heegaard PMH. Application of acute phase protein measurements in veterinary clinical chemistry. Vet Res. 2004;35:163–87.
Murata H, Shimada N, Yoshioka M. Current research on acute phase proteins in veterinary diagnosis: an overview. Vet J. 2004;168:28–40.
Murata H. Stress and acute phase protein response: an inconspicuous but essential linkage. Vet J. 2007;173:473–4.
Nazifi S, Khoshvaghti A, Gheisari HR. Evaluation of serum and milk amyloid A in some inflammatory diseases of cattle. Iran J Vet Res. 2008;9:222–6.
Hickey MC, Drennan M, Early B. The effect of abrupt weaning of suckler calves on the plasma concentrations of cortisol, catecholamines, leukocytes, acute-phase proteins and in vitro interferon-gamma production. J Anim Sci. 2003;81:2847–55.
Pineiro M, Pineiro C, Carpintero R, Morales J, Campbell FM, Eckersall PD, Toussaint MJ, Lampreave F. Characterization of the pig acute phase protein response to road transport. Vet J. 2007;173:669–74.
Gruys E, Obwolo MJ, Toussaint MJM. Diagnostic significance of the major acute phase proteins in veterinary clinical chemistry: a review. Vet Bull. 1994;64:1009–18.
Skinner JG, Roberts L. Haptoglobin as an indicator of infection in sheep. Vet Rec. 1994;134:33–6.
Heinzel FP. The role of IFN-γ in the pathology of experimental endotoxemia. J Immunol. 1990;145:2920–4.
Satomi N, Sakurai A, Haranaka K. Relationship of hypoglycemia to tumor necrosis factor production and antitumor activity: role of glucose, insulin, and macrophages. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1985;74:1255–60.
Das UN. Is insulin an endogenous cardioprotector? Crit Care. 2002;6:389–93.
Boichot E, Sannomiya P, Escofier N, Germain N, Fortes ZB, Lagente V. Endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in rats. Role of insulin. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 1999;12:285–90.
Schroder K, Hertzog PJ, Ravasi T, Hume DA. Interferon-γ: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions. J Leukoc Biol. 2004;75:163–89.
Yazar E, Er A, Uney K, Altunok V, Elmas M. Effect of flunixin meglumine on cytokine levels in experimental endotoxemia in mice. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2007;54:352–5.
Burchett SK, Weaver WM, Westall JA, Larsen A, Kronheim S, Wilson CB. Regulation of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin and IL-1 secretion in human mononuclear phagocytes. J Immunol. 1988;140:3473–81.
Bauer V, Bauer F. Reactive oxygen species as mediators of tissue protection and injury. Gen Physiol Biophys. 1999;18:7–14.
Wiryana M. The role of intensive insulin therapy in increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and normalizing hyperglycemia in critically ill patients. Acta Med Indones. 2009;41:59–65.
Pompella A, Visvikis A, Paolicchi A, De Tata V, Casini AF. The changing faces of glutathione, a cellular protagonist. Biochem Pharmacol. 2003;66:1499–503.
Pastore A, Piemonte F, Locatelli M, Lo Russo A, Gaeta LM, Tozzi G, Federici G. Determination of blood total, reduced, and oxidized glutathione in pediatric subjects. Clin Chem. 2003;47:1467–9.
Podil’chalk MD, Vdovychenko VI, Terlets’ka LM. Lipid peroxidation and blood serum peroxidase activity in diseases of the hepatobiliary system. Lik Sprava. 1996;1–2:110–112.
Konyalıoglu S, Er A, Uney K, Elmas M, Yazar E. Effect of flunixin meglumine on the antioxidant status in endotoxemia. Acta Vet Beograd. 2007;57:241–6.
Kang S, Song J, Kang H, Kim S, Lee Y, Park D. Insulin can block apoptosis by decreasing oxidative stress via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathways in HepG2 cells. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;148:147–55.
Mahadev KWuX, Zilbering A, Zhu L, Lawrence JTR, Goldstein BJ. Hydrogen peroxide generated during cellular insulin stimulation is integral to activation of the distal insulin signaling cascade in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:48662–48669.
Takala J, Ruokonen E, Webster NR, Nielsen MS, Zandstra DF, Vundelinckx G, Hinds CJ. Increase mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:785–92.
Frost RA, Lang CH, Gelato MC. Transient exposure of human myoblasts to tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits serum and insulin-like growth factor-I stimulated protein synthesis. Endocrinology. 1997;138:4153–9.
Jeschke MG, Einspanier R, Klein D, Jauch KW. Insulin attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to thermal trauma. Mol Med. 2002;8:443–50.
Niehof M, Streetz K, Rakemann T, Bischoff SC, Manns MP, Horn F, Trautwein C. Interleukin-6-induced tethering of STAT3 to the LAP/C/EBPbeta promoter suggests a new mechanism of transcriptional regulation by STAT3. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:9016–27.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Dr. Mohamad Javad Zamiri, the head of the Teaching Barn of the Agricultural College of Shiraz University, for his kind cooperation. The authors are also grateful to Mr. Mohamad Reza Farangi for his valuable contribution to the English revision of this manuscript and Mr. Mahdi Heidari and Mrs. Marzieh Babazadeh Dezfouli for their assistance.
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ian Ahnfelt-Rønne.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chalmeh, A., Badiei, K., Pourjafar, M. et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of insulin regular and flunixin meglumine on endotoxemia experimentally induced by Escherichia coli serotype O55:B5 in an ovine model. Inflamm. Res. 62, 61–67 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-012-0551-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-012-0551-6