Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Investigating the Influence of Parenting Stress on Child Behavior Problems in Children with Developmental Delay: The Role of Parent-Child Relational Factors

  • ORIGINAL PAPER
  • Published:
Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Parents of children affected by developmental delays (DD) have been shown to experience elevated levels of parenting stress compared to parents of typically developing children. Recent studies suggest that higher levels of parenting stress can adversely impact child behavior, such that higher levels of parenting stress are often associated with higher levels of both internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. However, the specific mechanisms through which parenting stress influences child behavioral outcomes remain unclear. The parent-child relationship may be one potential medium through which parenting stress impacts child behavioral outcomes. The current study involved data from the Mindful Awareness for Parenting Stress Project, a randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction in reducing parental stress and subsequent child behavior problems. Participants included 102 parents of children, ages 2.5 to 5 years old, with DD. Results of a multiple mediation analysis indicted that one component of the parent-child relationship, parent-child relational frustration, significantly mediated the relationship between parenting stress and child outcomes, such that higher levels of parental stress at baseline were associated with increased relational frustration, which in turn was associated with more total child behavior problems. Recognizing that dyadic parent-child factors such as relational frustration impact the association between heightened parenting stress and adverse behavioral outcomes among children with DD may allow interventions to be developed that not only reduce parenting stress, but also specifically target improving the parent-child relationship, with the ultimate goal of decreasing child behavior problems among children with DD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abidin, R. R. (1995). Parenting stress index manual (3rd ed.). Charlottesville: Pediatric Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M. (2000). Manual for the child behavior checklist 1 ½-5. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alegre, A., & Benson, M. J. (2010). Parental behaviors and adolescent adjustment: Mediation via adolescent trait emotional intelligence. Individual Differences Research, 8(2), 83–96.

  • Anthony, L., Anthony, B., Glanville, D., Naiman, D., Waanders, C., & Shaffer, S. (2005). The relationships between parenting stress, parenting behaviour and preschoolers’ social competence and behaviour problems in the classroom. Infant and Child Development, 154, 133–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aunola, K., & Nurmi, J. E. (2005). The role of parenting styles in children’s problem behavior. Child Development, 76(6), 1144–1159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A., Carmody, J., & Hunsinger, M. (2012). Weekly change in mindfulness and perceived stress in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(7), 755–765. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21865.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, B., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., & Edelbrock, C. (2002). Behavior problems and parenting stress in families of three-year-old children with and without developmental delays. American Journal of Mental Retardation: AJMR, 107(6), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0433:BPAPSI>2.0.CO;2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, B. L., McIntyre, L. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., Edelbrock, C., & Low, C. (2003). Pre-school children with and without developmental delay: behaviour problems and parenting stress over time. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research: JIDR, 47(Pt 4–5), 217–230 Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12787154.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, B. L., Neece, C. L., Fenning, R. M., Crnic, K. A, & Blacher, J. (2010). Mental disorders in five-year-old children with or without developmental delay: focus on ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology,  39(4), 492–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2010.486321.

  • Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bazzano, A., Wolfe, C., Zylowska, L., Wang, S., Schuster, E., Barrett, C., & Lehrer, D. (2015). Mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) for parents and caregivers of individuals with developmental disabilities: a community-based approach. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(2), 298–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bearss, K., Burrell, T. L., Stewart, L., & Scahill, L. (2015). Parent training in autism spectrum disorder: what’s in a name? Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 18(2), 170–182.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blacher, J., Baker, B. L., & Kaladjian, A. (2013). Syndrome specificity and mother-child interactions: examining positive and negative parenting across contexts and time. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(4), 761–774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1605-x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blacher, J., & Baker, B. L. (2007). Positive impact of intellectual disability on families. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 112(5), 330–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, N. (2006). Estimation of the standard error and confidence interval of the indirect effect in multiple mediator models. Dissertation Abstracts International, 37, 4755B.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M. A., McIntyre, L. L., Crnic, K. A., Baker, B. L., & Blacher, J. (2011). Preschool children with and without developmental delay: risk, parenting, and child demandingness. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 4(3), 206–226.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, S. B., Pierce, E. W., Moore, G., Marakovitz, S., & Newby, K. (1996). Boys’ externalizing problems at elementary school age: pathways from early behavior problems, maternal control, and family stress. Development and Psychopathology, 8(4), 701–719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carson, J. L., & Parke, R. D. (1996). Reciprocal negative affect in parent-child interactions and children’s peer competency. Child Development, 67(5), 2217–2226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cerezo, M. A., Pons-Salvador, G., & Trenado, R. M. (2008). Mother–infant interaction and children’s socio-emotional development with high-and low-risk mothers. Infant Behavior and Development, 31(4), 578–589.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2009). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for stress management in healthy people: a review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Alternative and Complimentary Medicine, 15(5), 593–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

  • Cormack, K., Brown, A., & Hastings, R. (2000). Behavioural and emotional difficulties in students attending schools for children and adolescents with severe intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 44, 124–129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costigan, C. L., Floyd, F. J., Harter, K. S., & McClintock, J. C. (1997). Family process and adaptation to children with mental retardation: disruption and resilience in family problem-solving interactions. Journal of Family Psychology, 11(4), 515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crnic, K., Gaze, C., & Hoffman, C. (2005). Cumulative parenting stress across the preschool period: relations to maternal parenting and child behaviour at age 5. Infant and Child Development, 132, 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crnic, K., & Greenberg, M. (1990). Minor parenting stresses with young children. Child Development, 61, 1628–1637.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crnic, K., Hoffman, C., Gaze, C., & Edelbrock, C. (2004). Understanding the emergence of behavior problems in young children with developmental delays. Infants and Young Children, 17, 223–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crnic, K., & Low, C. (2002). Everyday stresses in parenting. In Handbook of parenting volume 5 practical issues in parenting (Vol. 5, pp. 243–267).

  • Crnic, K., & Neece, C. L. (2015). Illness and disability. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science-7 th edition. Hoboken: Wiley Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dearing, E., McCartney, K., Weiss, H., Kreider, H., & Simpkins, S. (2004). The promotive effects of family educational involvment for low-income chilren’s literacy. Journal of School Psychology, 42(6), 445–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1998). Multiple risk factors in the development of externalizing behavior problems: group and individual differences. Development and Psychopathology, 10(3), 469–493.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Deater-Deckard, K., & Scarr, S. (1996). Parenting stress among dual-earner mothers and fathers: are there gender differences? Journal of Family Psychology, 10(1), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1037//0893-3200.10.1.45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dekker, M. C., & Koot, H. M. (2003). DSM-IV disorders in children with borderline to moderate intellectual disability. I: prevalence and impact. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(8), 915–922. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CHI.0000046892.27264.1A.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denham, S. A., Workman, E., Cole, P. M., Weissbrod, C., Kendziora, K. T., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2000). Prediction of externalizing behavior problems from early to middle childhood: the role of parental socialization and emotion expression. Development and Psychopathology, 12(1), 23–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donenberg, G., & Baker, B. L. (1993). The impact of young children with externalizing behaviors on their families. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21(2), 179–198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dykens, E. M., Fisher, M. H., Taylor, J. L., Lambert, W., & Miodrag, N. (2014). Reducing distress in mothers of children with autism and other disabilities: a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 134(2), e454–e463.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenhower, A. S., Baker, B. L., & Blacher, J. (2009). Children’s delayed development and behavior problems: impact on mothers’ perceived physical health across early childhood. Social Science & Medicine, 68(1), 89–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, E. (2003). Mothers of children and adolescents with intellectual disability: social and economic situation, mental health status, and the self-assessed social and psychological impact of the child’s difficulties. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(4–5), 385–399. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00498.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, E., & Einfeld, S. (2010). Emotional and behavioural difficulties in young children with and without developmental delay: a bi-national perspective. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 51(5), 583–593. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02179.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Estes, A., Munson, J., Dawson, G., Koehler, E., Zhou, X.-H., & Abbott, R. (2009). Parenting stress and psychological functioning among mothers of preschool children with autism and developmental delay. Autism : The International Journal of Research and Practice, 13(4), 375–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361309105658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, S., Ferrando, S., Carr, C., & Haglin, D. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and distress in a community-based sample. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 558, 553–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyberg, S. M., & Ross, A. W. (1978). Assessment of child behavior problems: the validation of a new inventory. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 7(2), 113–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, X., Shaw, D. S., Kovacs, M., Lane, T., O'rourke, F. E., & Alarcon, J. H. (2008). Emotion regulation in preschoolers: the roles of behavioral inhibition, maternal affective behavior, and maternal depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(2), 132–141.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fenning, R. M., Baker, J. K., Baker, B. L., & Crnic, K. A. (2007). Parenting children with borderline intellectual functioning: a unique risk population. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 112, 107–121.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, F. J., Harter, K. S., & Costigan, C. L. (2004). Family problem-solving with children who have mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109(6), 507–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garner, R. E., Arim, R. G., Kohen, D. E., Lach, L. M., Mackenzie, M. J., Brehaut, J. C., & Rosenbaum, P. L. (2013). Parenting children with neurodevelopmental disorders and/or behaviour problems. Child: Care, Health and Development, 39(3), 412–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01347.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerstein, E. D., Crnic, K. A., Blacher, J., & Baker, B. L. (2009). Resilience and the course of daily parenting stress in families of young children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(12), 981–997. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01220.x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gershoff, E. T., Aber, J. L., Raver, C. C., & Lennon, M. C. (2007). Income is not enough: incorporating material hardship into models of income associations with parenting and child development. Child Development, 78(1), 70–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00986.x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Thurm, A. E., McMahon, S. D., & Gipson, P. Y. (2006). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: measurement issues and prospective effects. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(2), 412–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, S. E. (2007). “We’re tired, not sad”: benefits and burdens of mothering a child with a disability. Social Science & Medicine, 64(1), 150–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guralnick, M. J. (1999). Family and child influences on the peer-related social competence of young children with developmental delays. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 5(1), 21–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, M. J., & Hanline, M. F. (1990). Parenting a child with a disability: a longitudinal study of parental stress and adaptation. Journal of Early Intervention, 14(3), 234–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, R. (2002). Parental stress and behaviour problems of children with developmental disability. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 27(3), 615–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/136682502100000865.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, R. P., & Brown, T. (2002). Behavior problems of children with autism, parental self-efficacy, and mental health. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107(3), 222–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, R. P., Daley, D., Burns, C., & Beck, A. (2006). Maternal distress and expressed emotion: cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships with behavior problems of children with intellectual disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 111(1), 48–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser-Cram, P., Warfield, M. E., Shonkoff, J. P., Krauss, M. W., Sayer, A., Upshur, C. C., & Hodapp, R. M. (2001). Children with disabilities: a longitudinal study of child development and parent well-being. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, i-126.

  • Heiman, T. (2002). Parents of children with disabilities: resilience, coping, and future expectations. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 14(2), 159–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heller, T. L., Baker, B. L., Henker, B., & Hinshaw, S. P. (1996). Externalizing behavior and cognitive functioning from preschool to first grade: stability and predictors. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25(4), 376–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herring, S., Gray, K., Taffe, J., Tonge, B., Sweeney, D., & Einfeld, S. (2006). Behaviour and emotional problems in toddlers with pervasive developmental disorders and developmental delay: associations with parental mental health and family functioning. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(12), 874–882.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, L. M., Thornicroft, G., Salmon, M., & Appleby, L. (2004). Predictors of parenting outcome in women with psychotic disorders discharged from mother and baby units. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110(5), 347–355.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, A. P. (2000). Maternal self-dfficacy and children’s influence on stress and parenting among single black mothers in poverty. Journal of Family Issues, 21(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251300021001001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, A. P., & Huang, C. C. (1998). Concerns about children’s development: implications for single, employed black mothers’ well-being. Social Work Research, 22(4), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/22.4.233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J., Massion, A. O., Kristeller, J., & Peterson, L. G. (1992). Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 936–943.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamphaus, R. W., & Reynolds, C. R. (2006). PRQ: Parenting relationship questionnaire manual. New York: Pearson.

  • Kersh, J., Hedvat, T. T., Hauser-Cram, P., & Warfield, M. E. (2006). The contribution of marital quality to the well-being of parents of children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(12), 883–893.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korja, R., Ahlqvist-Björkroth, S., Savonlahti, E., Stolt, S., Haataja, L., Lapinleimu, H., et al. (2010). Relations between maternal attachment representations and the quality of mother–infant interaction in preterm and full-term infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 33(3), 330–336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., Swank, P. R., Assel, M. A., & Vellet, S. (2001). Does early responsive parenting have a special importance for children's development or is consistency across early childhood necessary? Developmental Psychology, 37(3), 387.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lansford, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2010). Does physical abuse in early childhood predict substance use in adolescence and early adulthood? Child Maltreatment, 15(2), 190–194.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lewallen, A. C., & Neece, C. L. (2015). Improved social skills in children with developmental delays after parent participation in MBSR: the role of parent–child relational factors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(10), 3117–3129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovejoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O'Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: a meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(5), 561–592.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luoma, I., Kaukonen, P., Mäntymaa, M., Puura, K., Tamminen, T., & Salmelin, R. (2004). A longitudinal study of maternal depressive symptoms, negative expectations and perceptions of child problems. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 35(1), 37–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merrell, K. W., & Holland, M. L. (1997). Social-emotional behavior of preschool-age children with and without developmental delays. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 18(6), 393–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKeever, P., & Miller, K. L. (2004). Mothering children who have disabilities: a Bourdieusian interpretation of maternal practices. Social Science & Medicine, 59(6), 1177–1191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neece, C. L. (2013). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for parents of young children with developmental delays: implications for parenting stress and child behavior problems. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 27(2), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12064.

  • Neece, C. L., Baker, B. L., Blacher, J., & Crnic, K. a. (2011). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children with and without intellectual disability: an examination across time. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55(7), 623–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01416.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neece, C. L., Baker, B. L., Crnic, K., & Blacher, J. (2013). Examining the validity of ADHD as a diagnosis for adolescents with intellectual disabilities: clinical presentation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(4), 597–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9698-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neece, C. L., Green, S. A., & Baker, B. L. (2012). Parenting stress and child behavior problems: a transactional relationship across time. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 117(1), 48–66. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-117.1.48.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2004). Affect dysregulation in the mother-child relationship in the toddler years: antecedents and consequences. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 43–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oelofsen, N., & Richardson, P. (2006). Sense of coherence and parenting stress in mothers and fathers of preschool children with developmental disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 31(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668250500349367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oono, I. P., Honey, E. J., & McConachie, H. (2013). Parent-mediated early intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Evidence-Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal, 8(6), 2380–2479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Östberg, M., & Hagekull, B. (2000). A structural modeling approach to understanding parenting stress. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 615–625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oyserman, D., Bybee, C., Mowbray, C., & Hart-Johnson, T. (2005). When mothers have serious mental health problems: parenting as a proximal mediator. Journal of Adolescence, 28(4), 443–463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rueger, S. Y., Katz, R. L., Risser, H. J., & Lovejoy, M. C. (2011). Relations between parental affect and parenting behaviors: a meta-analytic review. Parenting: Science and Practice, 11(1), 1–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selig, J. P., & Preacher, K. J. (2009). Mediation models for longitudinal data in developmental research. Research in Human Development, 6(2–3), 144–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sellers, R., Harold, G. T., Elam, K., Rhoades, K. A., Potter, R., Mars, B., et al. (2014). Maternal depression and co-occurring antisocial behaviour: testing maternal hostility and warmth as mediators of risk for offspring psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(2), 112–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E., & Prinz, R. (2001). Latent models of family processes in African American families: relationships to child competence, achievement, and problem behaviour. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 967–980. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00967.x/full.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: parent–adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11(1), 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tervo, R. C. (2010). Attention problems and parent-rated behavior and stress in young children at risk for developmental delay. Journal of Child Neurology, 25(11), 1325–1330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073810362760.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tervo, R. C. (2012). Developmental and behavior problems predict parenting stress in young children with global delay. Journal of Child Neurology, 27(3), 291–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073811418230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trentacosta, C. J., Hyde, L. W., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Gardner, F., & Wilson, M. (2008). The relations among cumulative risk, parenting, and behavior problems during early childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(11), 1211–1219.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, R. I., Majnemer, A., Platt, R. W., & Shevell, M. I. (2008). Child health and parental stress in school-age children with a preschool diagnosis of developmental delay. Journal of Child Neurology, 23(1), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073807307977.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Resampling and distribution of the product methods for testing indirect effects in complex models. Structural Equation Modeling, 15, 23–51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Williford, A. P., Calkins, S. D., & Keane, S. P. (2007). Predicting change in parenting stress across early childhood: child and maternal factors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(2), 251–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiggins, T. L., Sofronoff, K., & Sanders, M. R. (2009). Pathways triple P-positive parenting program: effects on parent-child relationships and child behavior problems. Family Process, 48(4), 517–530.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfradt, U., Hempel, S., & Miles, J. N. (2003). Perceived parenting styles, depersonalisation, anxiety and coping behaviour in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(3), 521–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This paper was based on the activities of the Mindful Awareness for Parenting Stress (MAPS) Project, supported by the Grants for Research and School Partnerships Program at Loma Linda University. We are indebted to our staff and doctoral student colleagues at Loma Linda as well as the dedicated families who made this research possible.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Loma Linda University, 11130 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA

    Meredith L. Dennis & Cameron L. Neece

  2. California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State College Blvd., EC 572, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA

    Rachel M. Fenning

Authors
  1. Meredith L. Dennis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cameron L. Neece
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rachel M. Fenning
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cameron L. Neece.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dennis, M.L., Neece, C.L. & Fenning, R.M. Investigating the Influence of Parenting Stress on Child Behavior Problems in Children with Developmental Delay: The Role of Parent-Child Relational Factors. Adv Neurodev Disord 2, 129–141 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41252-017-0044-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41252-017-0044-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation