Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Optimization of chlorination boosters in drinking water distribution network for Al-Khobar City in Saudi Arabia

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Arabian Journal of Geosciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Water quality management in distribution networks is directly related to spatial distribution of chlorine boosters and its dosages. Water chlorination is essential to reduce the effects of bacterial and other microbiological contaminants. A higher dosage of chlorine generates harmful by-products in addition to changes in drinking water’s taste and odor. The optimization of chlorine dosage is necessary to decrease the microbial contaminants that affect water quality. Once the chlorine threshold is determined for microbial contaminant, it will help decision makers suggest optimal values. These decisions can rely on the estimated water quality index (WQI). WQI is an index to evaluate water quality and can be linked to adequate residual chlorine with optimal booster dosage, numbers, and locations in water distribution network (WDN). The city of Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia’s WDN was selected to validate the application of this study. Based on geographic location, the city Al-Khobar water network was divided into five zones. The initial temporal and spatial analysis pointed out poor water quality zones. EPANET, a modeling and simulating software, was applied to evaluate the WQI. Those EPANET results were then integrated with an optimization model. The optimization model suggested new chlorine booster locations to improve water quality in the city of Al-Khobar water distribution network.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agus E, Voutchkov N, Sedlak DL (2009) Disinfection by-products and their potential impact on the quality of water produced by desalination systems: a literature review. Desalination 237(1–3):214–237. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2007.11.059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahn J, Lee S, Choi K, Koo J (2012) Application of EPANET for the determination of chlorine dose and prediction of THMs in a water distribution system. Sustainable Environ Res 22(Issue 1):31–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Zahrani MA (2014) Modeling and simulation of water distribution system: a case study. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 39(3):1621–1636. doi:10.1007/s13369-013-0782-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boccelli DL, Tryby ME, Uber JG, Summers RS (2003) A reactive species model for chlorine decay and THM formation under rechlorination conditions. Water Res 37(11):2654–2666. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00067-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CCME (2000) Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. 123 Main Street - Suite 360 Winnipeg, MB R3C 1A3. Retrieved from http://www.ccme.ca/en/resources/canadian_environmental_quality_guidelines/calculators.html. Accessed 15 June 2015

  • Cozzolino L, Pianese D, Pirozzi F (2005) Control of DBPs in water distribution systems through optimal chlorine dosage and disinfection station allocation. Desalination 176(1–3 SPEC. ISS):113–125. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2004.10.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs MS, Dandy GC, Maier HR (2010a) Calibration and optimization of the pumping and disinfection of a real water supply system. J Water Resour Plan Manag 136(4):493. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000060

  • Gibbs MS, Maier HR, Dandy GC (2010b) Comparison of genetic algorithm parameter setting methods for chlorine injection optimization. J Water Resour Plan Manag 136(2):288. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000033

  • Haider H (2006) Disinfection techniques of rural water supplies. Journal of Pakistan Engineering Congress 42:1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Haider H, Haydar S, Sajid M, Tesfamariam S, Sadiq R (2015) Framework for optimizing chlorine dose in small- to medium-sized water distribution systems: a case of a residential neighbourhood in Lahore. Pakistan 41(5):614–623

    Google Scholar 

  • Imran SA, Sadiq R, Kleiner Y (2009) Effect of regulations and treatment technologies on water distribution infrastructure. J Am Water Works Assoc 101(3)

  • Islam N, Farahat A, Al-Zahrani MAM, Rodriguez MJ, Sadiq R (2015) Contaminant intrusion in water distribution networks: review and proposal of an integrated model for decision making. Environ Rev 23(3):337–352. doi:10.1139/er-2014-0069

  • Islam N, Sadiq R, Rodriguez MJ (2013) Optimizing booster chlorination in water distribution networks: a water quality index approach. Environ Monit Assess 185(10):8035–8050. doi:10.1007/s10661-013-3153-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey Yang Y, Goodrich JA, Clark RM, Li SY (2008) Modeling and testing of reactive contaminant transport in drinking water pipes: Chlorine response and implications for online contaminant detection. Water Res 42(6-7):1397–1412. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.10.009

  • Kang D, Lansey K (2010) Real-time optimal valve operation and booster disinfection for water quality in water distribution systems. J Water Resour Plan Manag 136(4):463. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000056

  • Khan F, Husain T, Lumb A (2003) Water quality evaluation and trend analysis in selected watersheds of the Atlantic region of Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Lansey K, Pasha F, Pool S, Elshorbagy W, Uber J (2007) Locating satellite booster disinfectant stations. J Water Resour Plan Manag 133(4):372. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2007)133:4(372)

  • Ostfeld A, Salomons E (2006) Conjunctive optimal scheduling of pumping and booster chlorine injections in water distribution systems. Eng Optimization 38(3):337–352. doi:10.1080/03052150500478007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozdemir ON, Ucak A (2002) Simulation of chlorine decay in drinking water distribution systems. J Environ Eng 128(1):31–39. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:1(31)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parks SLI, VanBriesen JM (2009) Booster disinfection for response to contamination in a drinking water distribution system. J Water Resour Plan Manag 135(6):502. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2009)135:6(502)

  • Prasad TD, Walters G, Savic D (2004) Booster disinfection of water supply networks: multiobjective approach. J Water Resour Plan Manag 130(5):367. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2004)130:5(367)

  • Propato M, Uber JG (2004a) Linear least-squares formulation for operation of booster disinfection systems. J Water Resour Plan Manag 130(1):53. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2004)130:1(53)

  • Propato M, Uber JG (2004b) Booster system design using mixed-integer quadratic programming. J Water Resour Plan Manag 130(4):348. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2004)130:4(348)

  • Rossman, L. A. (2000). EPANET 2.user manual. Cincinnati;OH 45268; United States environmental protection agency EPA/600/R-00/057Cincinnati; National Risk Management Research Laboratory.

  • Sadiq R et al (2007) Communicating human health risks associated with disinfection by-products in drinking water supplies: a fuzzy-based approach. Stochastic Environ Res Risk Assessment 21(4):341–353. doi:10.1007/s00477-006-0069-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadiq R, Rodriguez MJ (2004) Disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and predictive models for their occurrence: a review. Sci Total Environ 321(1–3):21–46. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.05.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tryby ME, Boccelli DL, Uber JG, Rossman LA (2002) Facility location model for booster disinfection of water supply networks. J Water Resour Plan Manag 128(5):322. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2002)128:5(322)

  • USEPA (2004) 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. Environmental Protection Agency, NW Washington DC, Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2004) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 3rd edition (Vol. 1). doi:10.1016/S1462-0758(00)00006-6

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by the King Abdel Aziz City for Science and Technology to fund this work under the National Science, Technology, and Innovation Plan (NSTIP), Grant No. (12-WAT-2390-04). The support provided by the Deanship of Research at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) is gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Applied and Supporting Studies, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia

    Muhammad Nadeem Sharif & Ashraf Farahat

  2. School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V1V7, Canada

    Muhammad Nadeem Sharif, Nilufar Islam & Rehan Sadiq

  3. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

    Ashraf Farahat

  4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Group, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia

    Muhammad A. Al-Zahrani

  5. École supérieure d’aménagement du territoire et développement régional, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada

    Manuel J. Rodriguez

Authors
  1. Muhammad Nadeem Sharif
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ashraf Farahat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Muhammad A. Al-Zahrani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nilufar Islam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Manuel J. Rodriguez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Rehan Sadiq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ashraf Farahat.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Water Resources in Arid Areas

Appendix

Appendix

Table 5 Khobar water distribution system
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sharif, M.N., Farahat, A., Al-Zahrani, M.A. et al. Optimization of chlorination boosters in drinking water distribution network for Al-Khobar City in Saudi Arabia. Arab J Geosci 9, 546 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2552-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2552-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation