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A Meta-Analytic Review of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2nd Edition (MMPI-2) Profile Elevations Following Traumatic Brain Injury

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Abstract

Psychologists often use the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and, more recently, its successor, the MMPI-2, to assess personality and psychological disturbances following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present meta-analysis examined the pattern of mean Hedges’ d values on MMPI-2 validity (L, F, K) and clinical (1–4, 6–0) scales in individuals with TBI. Database keyword searches yielded ten studies providing post-TBI MMPI-2 profiles. Studies were required to include a pure TBI sample, individuals who were ≥18 at injury, and means and standard deviations for most MMPI-2 clinical scales. Analyses showed large effects for MMPI-2 scales F, 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8. Using Q statistics, moderating effects were found for TBI severity on scale 7 and for compensation-seeking/litigation status on scales 1, 2, 3, and 7. No significant effects were found for time post-injury. The available information was insufficient to examine the effect of lesion location, pre-injury personality and psychopathology, or time post-injury for samples with differing injury severities on MMPI-2 profiles. Results suggest that individuals with TBI report significant levels of psychopathology that may be moderated by TBI severity and compensation-seeking/litigation status. Discussion includes a literature critique given the meta-analytic findings and implications for future study of personality following TBI.

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Notes

  1. This condition was previously called personality change due to a general medical condition in DSM-IV-TR; however, the diagnostic “criteria” remained the same from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5.

  2. The MMPI-2 includes the PSY-5 (Harkness, McNulty, & Ben-Porath, 1995), scales created to dimensionally assess major personality trait features in a manner that blends maladaptive and normal personality characteristics. While it would have been preferable to examine these scales in the present study, a literature review revealed only one study, Arbisi, Polusny, Erbes, Thuras, and Reddy (2011), examining PSY-5 endorsement in a pure TBI sample. Arbisi and colleagues’ study did not show mean PSY-5 differences between individuals with mild TBI and uninjured controls.

  3. Sources usually estimate that 10–20 % of individuals with mild TBI have persistent post-concussion syndrome. However, some authors contend that the true number is much lower (e.g., less than 5 %; see Iverson, 2005).

  4. The authors attempted to contact all authors of studies without sufficient information for effect size calculation, yielding additional data for one study which was subsequently excluded because it used a shortened MMPI version.

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Acknowledgments

The present paper was written as partial completion of a qualifying exam. I would like to thank Thomas A. Widiger, Ph.D., Yang Jiang, Ph.D., and Lindsey J. Jasinski, Ph.D., for their assistance as advisors for manuscript preparation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Psychology Clinic (116B), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA

    Maryanne Edmundson

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 106B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA

    David T. R. Berry, Jordan P. Harp & Lisa M. Koehl

  3. Lexington VA Medical Center, 1101 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40502, USA

    Walter M. High Jr.

  4. Division of Neurocognitive Disorders, Mayo Clinic, 212 11th Street South, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA

    Anne L. Shandera-Ochsner

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  1. Maryanne Edmundson
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  2. David T. R. Berry
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  3. Walter M. High Jr.
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  4. Anne L. Shandera-Ochsner
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Correspondence to Maryanne Edmundson.

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Table 11

Table 11 Methodological strength scoring criteria
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Edmundson, M., Berry, D.T.R., High, W.M. et al. A Meta-Analytic Review of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2nd Edition (MMPI-2) Profile Elevations Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Psychol. Inj. and Law 9, 121–142 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-015-9236-0

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