Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Experimental investigation on a hybrid manufacturing process of micro-scale mold for biomimetic intestinal villi’s scaffold

  • Published:
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, a new hybrid manufacturing process was proposed to fabricate biomimetic intestinal villi. The hybrid process consists of two steps, i.e., a micro-drilling process to make steep holes and a laser-based machining process to smoothen their geometries. Polycarbonate (PC) was used as a candidate material for mold, and villi’s scaffold was fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). For the hybrid manufacturing process, conditions of the micro-drilling process were optimized first and then a series of laser-based machining experiments were performed using the pre-produced micro-drilled molds. A full factorial design of experiments was conducted to investigate the effects of laser power, air, and the objective lens, and the shape of villi was observed as an output to evaluate the process performance. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed hybrid manufacturing process is able to fabricate villi whose geometry is consistent and suitable for cell culturing. Consequently, villi scaffold with various dimensions could be conveniently built using different parameters, and it could be applied to personalized organ-on-a-chip applications in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. S. H. Lee and J. H. Sung, Organ-on-a-chip technology for reproducing multiorgan physiology, Adv. Healthc. Mater., 1700419 (2017) 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  2. J. H. Sung and M. L. Shuler, Microtechnology for mimicking in vivo tissue environment, Ann. Biomed. Eng., 40 (2012) 1289–1300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. S. Youn, Y. H. Jin and Y. H. Cho, Electrical and fluidic characterization of microelectrofluidic bench fabricated using UV-curable polymer, Trans. Korean Soc. Mech. Eng. A., 36 (2012) 475–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. M. J. Joo, H. J. Chun, H. J. Jung and C. G. Lee, Development of bioreactor for regenerative medicine and effect of mechanical stimuli on mesenchymal stem cells in polyurethane scaffolds, Trans. Korean Soc. Mech. Eng. A., 34 (2010) 675–681.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. M.-W. Sa and J. Y. Kim, Fabrication and evaluation of 3D β-TCP scaffold by novel direct-write assembly method, J. Mech. Sci. Technol., 29 (12) (2015) 5369–5376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. M. J. Yoo, M. S. Ambrosia, T. W. Kwon, J. Jang and M. Y. Ha, Wetting characteristics of a water droplet on solid surfaces with various pillar surface fractions under different conditions, J. Mech. Sci. Technol., 32 (4) (2018) 1593–1600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Y. Y. S. Huang, D. Zhang and Y. Liu, Bioprinting of threedimensional culture models and organ-on-a-chip systems, MRS Bulletin, 42 (2017) 593–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. B. Zhang, M. Montgomery, M. D. Chamberlain, S. Ogawa, A. Korolj, A. Pahnke and M. Radisic, Biodegradable scaffold with built-in vasculature for organ-on-a-chip engineering and direct surgical anastomosis, Nature Materials, 15 (2016) 669–678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. H. Lee and D.-W. Cho, One-step fabrication of an organ-ona-chip with spatial heterogeneity using a 3D bioprinting technology, Lab Chip, 16 (2016) 2618–2625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. D. Huh, B. D. Matthews, A. Mammoto, M. Montoya-Zavala, H. Y. Hsin and D. E. Ingber, Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip, Science, 328 (2010) 1662–1668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. P. J. Lee, P. J. Hung and L. P. Lee, An artificial liver sinusoid with a microfluidic endothelial-like barrier for primary hepatocyte culture, Biotechnol Bioeng, 97 (2007) 1340–1346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. P. Artursson, K. Palm and K. Luthman, Caco-2 monolayers in experimental and theoretical predictions of drug transport, Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev., 46 (2001) 27–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. H. J. Kim, D. Huh, G. Hamilton and D. E. Ingber, Human gut-on-a-chip inhabited by microbial flora that experiences intestinal peristalsis-like motions and flow, Lab Chip, 12 (2012) 2165–2174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. H. J. Kim, H. Li, J. J. Collins and D. E. Ingber, Contributions of microbiome and mechanical deformation to intestinal bacterial overgrowth and inflammation in a human guton-a-chip, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 113 (2016) E7–E15.

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. H. Sung, C. Kam and M. L. Shuler, A microfluidic device for a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model on a chip, Lab on a Chip, 10 (2010) 446–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. J. H. Sung and M. L. Shuler, A micro cell culture analog (μCCA) with 3-D hydrogel culture of multiple cell lines to assess metabolism-dependent cytotoxicity of anti-cancer drugs, Lab on a Chip, 9 (2009) 1385–1394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. J. H. Sung, J. Yu, D. Luo, M. L. Shuler and J. C. March, Microscale 3-D hydrogel scaffold for biomimetic gastrointestinal (GI) tract model, Lab on a Chip, 11 (2011) 389–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. B. Yi, K. Y. Shim, S. K. Ha, J. Han, H.-H. Hoang, I. Choi, S. Park and J. H. Sung, Three-dimensional in vitro gut model on a villi-shaped collagen scaffold, BioChip Journal, 11 (3) (2017) 219–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. H. F. Helander and L. Fändriks, Surface area of the digestive tract-revisited, Scandinavian J. Gastroenterol, 49 (2014) 681–689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. S. Sankaran-Walters, M. Macal, I. Grishina, L. Nagy, L. Goulart, K. Coolidge and S. Dandekar, Sex differences matter in the gut: Effect on mucosal immune activation and inflammation, Biol Sex Differ, 4 (2013) 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. M. Hasan, J. Zhao and Z. Jiang, A review of modern advancements in micro drilling techniques, J. Manuf. Process, 29 (2017) 343–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. D. Dornfeld, S. Min and Y. Takeuchi, Recent advances in mechanical micromachining, CIRP Ann. Manuf. Techn., 55 (2006) 745–768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. A. K. Dubey and V. Yadava, Laser beam machining-A review, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., 48 (2008) 609–628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. V. N.-A. Le, Y.-J. Chen, H.-C. Chang and J.-W. Lin, Investigation on drilling blind via of epoxy compound wafer by 532 nm Nd:YVO4 laser, J. Manuf. Process, 27 (2017) 214–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. G. A. Gabriel and C. P. Leblond, Factors influencing villus size in the small intestine of adult rats as revealed by transposition of intestinal segments, American Journal of Anatomy, 127 (1) (2005) 15–36.

    Google Scholar 

  26. T. Skrzypek, P. J. L. Valverde, H. Skrzypek, J. Woliński, W. Kazimierczak, S. Szymańczyk, M. Pawłowska and R. Zabielski, Light and scanning electron microscopy evaluation of the postnatal small intestinal mucosa development in pigs, J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 56 (3) (2005) 71–87.

    Google Scholar 

  27. K. D. Sankar, P. S. Bhanu, K. Ramalingam, S. Kiran and B. A. Ramakrishna, Histomorphological and morphometrical changes of placental terminal villi of normotensive and preeclamptic mothers, Anat Cell Biol., 46 (4) (2013) 285–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. P.-H. Lee, S. W. Lee, D.-H. Kim, S. H. Kim, J. H. Sung and H. Chung, Experimental study of machining process of polymer mold for fabrication of three-dimensional hydrogel scaffold, Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B, 37 (2013) 669–674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors equally contributed to this work as first author.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, USA

    Pil-Ho Lee & Haseung Chung

  2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan Univ., Suwon, Korea

    Jung Sub Kim & Sang Won Lee

  3. Dept. of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA

    Chenhui Shao

Authors
  1. Pil-Ho Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jung Sub Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sang Won Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chenhui Shao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Haseung Chung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Haseung Chung.

Additional information

Recommended by Associate Editor Woo-Tae Park

Pil-Ho Lee received his B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in the Department of Mechanical Engineering from Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea in 2008, 2010 and 2015. After graduation, he was in LG Electronics as a Senior Research Engineer. He is currently working both at Sungkyunkwan University (Research fellow) and Michigan State University (Research scholar), and has covered research themes about additive manufacturing technology and eco-friendly manufacturing technology.

Jung Sub Kim received his B.S. degree in the School of Mechanical Engineering, Catholic University of Daegu, Korea, in 2014. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate at Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea. His research interests are in sustainable and smart manufacturing technology.

Haseung Chung received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Seoul National University, Korea, in 1998 and 2000, respectively. He then received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Michigan in 2005. Dr. Chung is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Michigan State University, USA.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lee, PH., Kim, J.S., Lee, S.W. et al. Experimental investigation on a hybrid manufacturing process of micro-scale mold for biomimetic intestinal villi’s scaffold. J Mech Sci Technol 32, 4283–4289 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-018-0826-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-018-0826-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation