Abstract
Deep Cement Mixing (DCM) is the most commonly employed ground improvement method for offshore construction purposes worldwide. Nevertheless, the dynamic behavior of cement-mixed and stabilized clays is almost unknown due to the lack of experimental studies, while seismic concerns regarding offshore structures related to typhoons, tsunamis, or earthquakes are becoming more important. Moreover, very few geotechnical evaluations have been performed to characterize cement-mixed Korean marine clays, while DCM is the most commonly used practical implementation method for soft soil improvement in Korea. In this study, a series of laboratory experimental studies were conducted to obtain the static strengthening and dynamic behaviors and geotechnical engineering design parameters of cement-treated Korean marine clays. The unconfined compressive strength and shear stiffness (G) of cement-mixed Korean marine clay increase with curing time, while different trends were observed for straindependent behaviors (i.e. normalized shear modulus and damping ratio) depending on curing time and binder contents. The static and dynamic geotechnical properties and relationships of DCM treated soft clays obtained in this study are expected to be accepted for seismic considerations and designs of DCM-treated soft clays.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acar, Y. B. and El-Tahir, E.-T. A. (1986). “Low strain dynamic properties of artificially cemented sand.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 112, No. 11, pp. 1001–1015, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1986)112:11(1001).
Ahn, T. B. (2010). “Effects of DCM column properties in softground on stabilities of underground roadway.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 2C, pp. 77–84.
Asano, J., Ban, K., Azuma, K., and Takahashi, K. (1996). “Deep mixing method of soil stabilization using coal ash.” Proc., Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Ground Improvement Geosystems, Grouting and Deep Mixing, pp. 393–398.
Baig, S., Picornell, M., and Nazarian, S. (1997). “Low strain shear moduli of cemented sands.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 123, No. 6, pp. 540–545, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE) 1090-0241(1997)123:6(540).
Balasubramaniam, A., Lin, D., Sharma Acharya, S., Kamruzzaman, A., Uddin, K., and Bergado, D. (1999). “Behavior of soft Bangkok clay treated with additives.” A. A. Balkema, P. O. Box 1675 NL-3000 BR Rotterdam The Netherlands., pp. 11–14.
Beckett, C. and Ciancio, D. (2014). “Effect of compaction water content on the strength of cement-stabilized rammed earth materials.” Can. Geotech. J., Vol. 51, No. 5, pp. 583–590.
Bruce, D. A., Bruce, M. E. C., and DiMillio, A. F. (1998). “Deep mixing method: A global perspective.” Civil Engineering, Vol. 68, No. 12, pp. 1–26.
Carroll, D. (1959). “Ion exchange in clays and other minerals.” Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 70, No. 6, pp. 749–779, DOI: 10.1130/0016-7606(1959)70[749:IEICAO]2.0.CO;2.
Chapman, H. (1965). “Cation-exchange capacity.” Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (methodsofsoilanb), pp. 891–901.
Chew, S., Kamruzzaman, A., and Lee, F. (2004). “Physicochemical and engineering behavior of cement treated clays.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 130, No. 7, pp. 696–706, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:7(696).
Cho, Y. S. and Kim, H. J. (2006). “Sea level change due to typhoons in Korean peninsula.” Journal of coastal research, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 678–682, DOI: 10.2112/04-0269.1.
Chun, B. S., Lee, J. Y., and Seo, D. D. (2003). “The injection characteristics and environmental effects for grouting materials based on cement.” Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 159–170.
Coastal Development Institute of Technology (2008). “Technical manual for deep mixing with reference to marine works (Revised version).” Tokyo.
Cokca, E. (2001). “Use of class c fly ashes for the stabilizationof an expansive soil.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 127, No. 7, pp. 568–573, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE) 1090-0241(2001)127:7(568).
Consoli, N. C., Quiñónez, R. A., González, L. E., and López, R. A. (2016). “Influence of molding moisture content and porosity/cement index on stiffness, strength, and failure envelopes of artificially cemented Fine-Grained soils.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 04016277, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001819.
Consoli, N. C., Winter, D., Rilho, A. S., Festugato, L., and D. S. Teixeira, B. (2015). “A testing procedure for predicting strength in artificially cemented soft soils.” Engineering Geology, Vol. 195, pp. 327–334.
Di Benedetto, H. (2007). “Small strain behaviour and viscous effects on sands and sand-clay mixtures.” Soil Stress-Strain Behavior: Measurement, Modeling and Analysis, Springer, pp. 159–190.
Drnevich, V., Hardin, B., and Shippy, D. (1978). “Modulus and damping of soils by the resonant-column method.” Dynamic geotechnical testing, ASTM International.
EuroSoilStab (2002). “Development of design and construction methods to stabilize soft organic soils: Design Guide for soft soil stabilization.” CT97-0351, European Commission, Industrial and Materials Technologies Programme (Rite-EuRam III) Bryssel.
Finn, W. D. L. and Fujita, N. (2002). “Piles in liquefiable soils: seismic analysis and design issues.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 22, Nos. 9-12, pp. 731–742, DOI: 10.1016/S0267-7261(02) 00094-5.
Futaki, M., Nakano, K., and Hagino, Y. (1996). “Design strength of soil cement columns as foundation ground for structures.” Proc., Grouting and Deep Mixing Conference, Tokyo, pp. 481–484.
Hardin, B. O. and Drnevich, V. P. (1972). “Shear modulus and damping in soils: Measurement and parameter effects.” Journal of Soil Mechanics & Foundations Div, Vol. 98, No. 6, pp. 603–624.
Holm, G. (2001). “Deep Mixing.” Soft Ground Technology, pp. 105–122.
Horpibulsk, S., Rachan, R., Suddeepong, A., and Chinkulkijniwat, A. (2011). “Strength development in cement admixed Bangkok clay: Laboratory and field investigations.” Soils and Foundations, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 239–251, DOI: 10.3208/sandf.51.239.
Horpibulsuk, S., Miura, N., and Nagaraj, T. (2003). “Assessment of strength development in cement-admixed high water content clays with Abrams' law as a basis.” Geotechnique, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 439–444, DOI: 10.1680/geot.2003.53.4.439.
Horpibulsuk, S., Rachan, R., and Raksachon, Y. (2009). “Role of fly ash on strength and microstructure development in blended cement stabilized silty clay.” Soils and Foundations, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 85–98, DOI: 10.3208/sandf.49.85.
Japanese Geotechnical Society (2000). Practice for Making and Curing Stabilized Soil Specimens without Compaction, Tokyo, Japan.
Jeong, G. H., Shin, M. S., Han, G. T., Kim, J. H., and Kim, Y. S. (2009). “DCM Application to south breakwater foundation in ulsan new port.” International Symposium on Deep Mixing & Admixture Stabilization, Okinawa, Japan.
Kagawa, T. (1992). “Moduli and damping factors of soft marine clays.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 118, No. 9, pp. 1360–1375, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1992)118:9(1360).
Kezdi, A. (1979). “Stabilized earth roads, Development in Geotechnical Engineering.” Elseviver Company.
Kim, D. H., Oh, B. C., Han, S. H., Shim, J. S., Chun, I. S., Song, M. S., and Jo, J. S. (2004). “Collapse of container cranes at busan ports under typhoon maemi.” Proc., The Fourteenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.
Kim, D. S. and Stokoe, K. H. (1994). “Torsional motion monitoring system for Small-Strain (10-5 to 10-3%) soil testing.” Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 17–26, DOI: 10.1520/GTJ10068J.
Kim, D. S., Stokoe, K. H., and Hudson, W. R. (1991). Deformational characteristics of soils at small to intermediate strains from cyclic tests, Center for Transportation Research, Bureau of Engineering Research, University of Texas at Austin.
Kitazume, M. and Terashi, M. (2013). The deep mixing method, CRC Press.
Korean Standard Association (2007). “Testing method for making curing of soil-cement compression and flexure test specimens in the laboratory (KS F 2329).”
Korean Standard Association (2013). “Standard test method for unconfined compression test of soils (KS F 2314).”
Lee, F. H., Lee, Y., Chew, S. H., and Yong, K. Y. (2005). “Strength and modulus of marine clay-cement mixes.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 131, No. 2, pp. 178–186, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:2(178).
Lin, K. Q. and Wong, I. H. (1999). “Use of deep cement mixing to reduce settlements at bridge approaches.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 125, No. 4, pp. 309–320, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:4(309).
Liu, S., Zhang, D., Liu, Z., and Deng, Y. (2008). “Assessment of unconfined compressive strength of cement stabilized marine clay.” Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 19–35, DOI: 10.1080/10641190801937916.
Liyanapathirana, D. S. and Poulos, H. G. (2005). “Pseudostatic approach for seismic analysis of piles in liquefying soil.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 131, No. 12, pp. 1480–1487, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:12(1480).
Lovelady, P. L. and Picornell, M. (1990). “Sample coupling in resonant column testing of cemented soils.” Dynamic elastic modulus measurements in materials, ASTM International, DOI: 10.1520/STP24624S.
Maher, M. H. and Ho, Y. C. (1994). “Mechanical properties of Kaolinite/Fiber soil composite.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 8, pp. 1381–1393, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994) 120:8(1381).
Massarsch, K. and Topolnicki, M. (2005). “Regional report: European practice of soil mixing technology.” Proc., Proc. of Int. Conference on Deep Mixing–Best Practice and Recent Advances, Stockholm, R19–R45.
Mitchell, J. K., Ueng, T., and Monismith, C. (1972). “Behavior of stabilized soils under repeated loading.” Performance evaluation of Cement-Stabilized soil layers and its relationship to pavement design, No. 3-145 Contr Rpt. 1972.
Nagaraj, T. and Miura, N. (1996). “Induced cementation of soft ground—A parametric assessment.” Proc., Proc. Int. Symp. on Lowland Technology, Saga Univ., Japan, pp. 85–97.
Nicholson, P. G. (2014). Soil improvement and ground modification methods, Butterworth-Heinemann.
Osinubi, K. J., Moses, G., Oriola, F. O. P., and Liman, A. S. (2015). “Influence of molding water content on shear strength characteristic of compacted cement kiln dust treated lateritic soils for liners and covers.” Niger. J. Technol., Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 266–271.
Porbaha, A. (1998). “State of the art in deep mixing technology: Part I. Basic concepts and overview.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Ground Improvement, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 81–92.
Quigley, R. M. (1980). “Geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of Canadian soft soils: A geotechnical perspective.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 261–285, DOI: 10.1139/t80-026.
Saxena, S. K., Avramidis, A. S., and Reddy, K. R. (1988). “Dynamic moduli and damping ratios for cemented sands at low strains.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 353–368, DOI: 10.1139/t88-036.
Schaefer, V. R., Abramson, L. W., Drumheller, J. C., and Sharp, K. D. (1997). “Ground improvement, ground reinforcement and ground treatment: Developments 1987-1997.” ASCE. 1997.
Schiffman, P. and Southard, R. (1996). “Cation exchange capacity of layer silicates and palagonitized glass in mafic volcanic rocks: A comparative study of bulk extraction and in situ techniques.” Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 624–634.
Shin, H. Y., Kim, B. I., Kim, K. O., and Han, S. J. (2014). “A comparative study of structural analysis on DCM improved by pile and block type.” Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 5–19, DOI: 10.7843/kgs.2014.30.4.5.
Sitar, N. and Clough, G. W. (1983). “Seismic response of steep slopes in cemented soils.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 109, No. 2, pp. 210–227, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:2 (210).
Swedish Geotechnical Society (1997). Lime and Lime Cement Columns: Guide for Project Planning, Construction and Inspection.
Terashi, M. (2003). “The state of practice in deep mixing methods.” Proc., Grouting and ground treatment, ASCE, pp. 25–49.
Thiers, G. R. and Seed, H. (1968). “Cyclic stress-strain characteristics of clay.” Journal of Soil Mechanics & Foundations Div, Vol. 94, No. sm2, pp. 555–569.
Topolnicki, M. (2004). “In situ soil mixing.” Ground Improvement 2nd edition, Moseley, M. P. & Kirsch, K., Editors, Spon Press, New York, NY, USA, pp. 331–428.
Tremblay, H., Duchesne, J., Locat, J., and Leroueil, S. (2002). “Influence of the nature of organic compounds on fine soil stabilization with cement.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 535–546, DOI: 10.1139/t02-002.
Uddin, K., Balasubramaniam, A., and Bergado, D. (1997). “Engineering behavior of cement-treated Bangkok soft clay.” Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 28, pp. 89–119.
Vucetic, M. and Dobry, R. (1991). “Effect of soil plasticity on cyclic response.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 117, No. 1, pp. 89–107, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:1(89).
Wang, D., Zentar, R., and Abriak, N. E. (2017). “Temperature-Accelerated strength development in stabilized marine soils as road construction materials.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 0401628, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001778.
Yamadera, A., Nagaraj, T., and Miura, N. (1998). “Prediction of strength development in cement stabilized marine clay.” Proc., Proceedings of the Geotechnical Engineering Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 141–153.
Yuksel, Y., Alpar, B., Yalciner, A. C., Cevik, E., Ozguven, O., and Celikoglu, Y. (2003). Effects of the eastern Marmara earthquake on marine structures and coastal areas, Telford, London, ROYAUME-UNI.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, AR., Chang, I., Cho, GC. et al. Strength and Dynamic Properties of Cement-Mixed Korean Marine Clays. KSCE J Civ Eng 22, 1150–1161 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-1686-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-1686-3