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Chronic REM Sleep Restriction in Juvenile Male Rats Induces Anxiety-Like Behavior and Alters Monoamine Systems in the Amygdala and Hippocampus

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Abstract

Adolescence is marked by major physiological changes, including those in the sleep-wake cycle, such as phase delay, which may result in reduced sleep hours. Sleep restriction and/or deprivation in adult rats activate stress response and seem to be a risk factor for triggering emotional disorders. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the behavioral and neurobiological consequences of prolonged REM sleep restriction in juvenile male rats. Immediately after weaning, on postnatal day 21, three males from each litter were submitted to REM sleep deprivation and the other three animals were maintained in their home-cages. REM sleep restriction (REMSR) was accomplished by placing the animals in the modified multiple platform method for 18 h and 6 h in the home-cage, where they could sleep freely; the sleep restriction lasted 21 consecutive days, during which all animals were measured and weighed every 3 days. After the end of this period, all animals were allowed to sleep freely for 2 days, and then the behavioral tests were performed for evaluation of depressive and anxiety-like profiles (sucrose negative contrast test and elevated plus maze, EPM). Blood sampling was performed 5 min before and 30 and 60 min after the EPM for determination of corticosterone plasma levels. The adrenals were weighed and brains collected and dissected for monoamine levels and receptor protein expression. REMSR impaired the physical development of adolescents, persisting for a further week. Animals submitted to REMSR exhibited higher basal corticosterone levels and a greater anxiety index in the EPM, characteristic of an anxious profile. These animals also exhibited higher noradrenaline levels in the amygdala and ventral hippocampus, without any change in the expression of β1-adrenergic receptors, as well as higher serotonin and reduced turnover in the dorsal hippocampus, with diminished expression of 5-HT1A. Finally, greater concentration of BDNF was observed in the dorsal hippocampus in chronically sleep-restricted animals. Chronic REMSR during puberty impaired physical development and induced anxiety-like behavior, attributed to increased noradrenaline and serotonin levels in the amygdala and hippocampus.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to Marcus Vinícius Bunscheit for technical assistance in this study. Financial support was provided by Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa (AFIP), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES). Janaína da Silva Rocha-Lopes is the recipient of a Ph.D. fellowship from CAPES. Deborah Suchecki is the recipient of a Research Fellowship from CNPq.

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  1. Department of Psychobiology—Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 1st floor, São Paulo, SP, 04023062, Brazil

    Janaína da Silva Rocha-Lopes & Deborah Suchecki

  2. Group of Psychosomatics, Universidade Ibirapuera, São Paulo, Brazil

    Ricardo Borges Machado

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  1. Janaína da Silva Rocha-Lopes
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Correspondence to Deborah Suchecki.

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All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina (protocol no. 2013/11), according to the Brazilian laws for the use of animals in research.

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da Silva Rocha-Lopes, J., Machado, R.B. & Suchecki, D. Chronic REM Sleep Restriction in Juvenile Male Rats Induces Anxiety-Like Behavior and Alters Monoamine Systems in the Amygdala and Hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol 55, 2884–2896 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0541-3

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