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Ketamine Inhibits ATP-Evoked Exocytotic Release of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor from Vesicles in Cultured Rat Astrocytes

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Abstract

In the brain, astrocytes signal to neighboring cells via regulated exocytotic release of gliosignaling molecules, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Recent studies uncovered a role of ketamine, an anesthetic and antidepressant, in the regulation of BDNF expression and in the disruption of astrocytic Ca2+ signaling, but it is unclear whether it affects astroglial BDNF release. We investigated whether ketamine affects ATP-evoked Ca2+ signaling and exocytotic release of BDNF at the single-vesicle level in cultured rat astrocytes. Cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding preproBDNF tagged with the pH-sensitive fluorescent protein superecliptic pHluorin, (BDNF-pHse) to load vesicles and measure the release of BDNF-pHse when the exocytotic fusion pore opens and alkalinizes the luminal pH. In addition, cell-attached membrane capacitance changes were recorded to monitor unitary vesicle interaction with the plasma membrane. Intracellular Ca2+ activity was monitored with Fluo-4 and confocal microscopy, which was also used to immunocytochemically characterize BDNF-pHse-laden vesicles. As revealed by double-fluorescent micrographs, BDNF-pHse localized to vesicles positive for the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins, vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2), VAMP3, and synaptotagmin IV. Ketamine treatment decreased the number of ATP-evoked BDNF-pHse fusion/secretion events (P < 0.05), the frequency of ATP-evoked transient (P < 0.001) and full-fusion exocytotic (P < 0.05) events, along with a reduction in the ATP-evoked increase in intracellular Ca2+ activity in astrocytes by ~70 % (P < 0.001). The results show that ketamine treatment suppresses ATP-triggered vesicle fusion and BDNF secretion by increasing the probability of a narrow fusion pore open state and/or by reducing astrocytic Ca2+ excitability.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency grant nos. P3 310, J3 3236, J3 4051, J3-4146, J3 6790. V.P.’s work is supported by the National Institutes of Health (HD078678). We thank Dr. Masami Kojima and Dr. James E. Rothman for kindly providing the preproBDNF-EGFP and pCMV-SpHse plasmids, respectively. All DNA plasmids were sequenced at The Heflin Center Genomics Core at UAB.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Matjaž Stenovec, Saša Trkov Bobnar & Robert Zorec

  2. Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Matjaž Stenovec, Eva Lasič, Mićo Božić, Saša Trkov Bobnar & Robert Zorec

  3. Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Atomic Force Microscopy and Nanotechnology Laboratories, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Avenue South, CIRC 429, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA

    Randy F. Stout Jr., Vladimir Grubišić & Vladimir Parpura

  4. The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA

    Randy F. Stout Jr.

  5. Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

    Vladimir Grubišić

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  1. Matjaž Stenovec
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  2. Eva Lasič
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  3. Mićo Božić
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  4. Saša Trkov Bobnar
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Correspondence to Robert Zorec.

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Supplementary Fig. 1

Exocytotic release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF-pHse, a fusion protein of BDNF and superecliptic phluorin (pHse), allowed us to monitor its release. ATP stimulation induces fusion of vesicles at the plasma membrane (PM). When a vesicle fuses with the PM, the acidic vesicular lumen connects to the alkaline extracellular space and pHse fluorescence intensity increases (a, left). This is followed by a decrease in the pHse fluorescence intensity due to release of BDNF-pHse (a, middle). BDNF-pHse is released by full fusion events (a, middle and Fig. 5), as revealed by NH4Cl application at the end of experiments (a, right and Fig. 2). Acidic environment inside non-fusing vesicle quenches pHse fluorescence (b, left). The fluorescence intensity increases when the vesicle lumen is artificially alkalinized by NH4Cl (b, right). Endogenously expressed (pro)BDNF was omitted for clarity. Not drawn to scale (GIF 12 kb)

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Stenovec, M., Lasič, E., Božić, M. et al. Ketamine Inhibits ATP-Evoked Exocytotic Release of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor from Vesicles in Cultured Rat Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 53, 6882–6896 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-015-9562-y

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