Abstract
Aims
The goal of this study was to gain insight into the signaling between olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and neural stem cells (NSCs). We sought to understand the impact of OECs on NSC differentiation and neurite extension and to begin to elucidate the factors involved in these interactions to provide new targets for therapeutic interventions.
Materials and Methods
We utilized lines of OECs that have been extremely well characterized in vitro and in vivo along with well studied NSCs in gels to determine the impact of the coculture in three dimensions. To further elucidate the signaling, we used conditioned media from the OECs as well as fractioned components on NSCs to determine the molecular weight range of the soluble factors that was most responsible for the NSC behavior.
Results
We found that the coculture of NSCs and OECs led to robust NSC differentiation and extremely long neural processes not usually seen with NSCs in three dimensional gels in vitro. Through culture of NSCs with fractioned OEC media, we determined that molecules larger than 30 kDa have the greatest impact on the NSC behavior.
Conclusions
Overall, our findings suggest that cocultures of NSCs and OECs may be a novel combination therapy for neural injuries including spinal cord injury (SCI). Furthermore, we have identified a class of molecules which plays a substantial role in the behavior that provides new targets for investigating pharmacological therapies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Keirstead, H. S., Nistor, G., Bernal, G., et al. (2005). Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell transplants remyelinate and restore locomotion after spinal cord injury. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 4694–4705.
Lee, S.-H., Lumelsky, N., Studer, L., Auerbach, J. M., & McKay, R. D. (2000). Efficient generation of midbrain and hindbrain neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells. Nature, 18, 675–679.
Ramirez-Castillejo, C., Sanchez-Sanchez, F., Andreu-Agullo, C., et al. (2006). Pigment epithelium-derived factor is a niche signal for neural stem cell renewal. Nature Neuroscience, 9, 331–339.
Lutolf, M. P., Gilbert, P. M., & Blau, H. M. (2009). Designing materials to direct stem-cell fate. Nature, 462, 433–441.
Bunge, M. B. (2008). Novel combination strategies to repair the injured mammalian spinal cord. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 31, 262–269.
Fitch, M. T., Doller, C., Combs, C. K., Landreth, G. E., & Silver, J. (1999). Cellular and molecular mechanisms of glial scarring and progressive cavitation: in vivo and in vitro analysis of inflammation-induced secondary injury after CNS trauma. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 8182–8198.
Lim, P. A., & Tow, A. M. (2007). Recovery and regeneration after spinal cord injury: a review and summary of recent literature. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 36, 49–57.
Bartolomei, J. C., & Greer, C. A. (2000). Olfactory ensheathing cells: bridging the gap in spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery, 47, 1057–1069.
Richter, M. W., Fletcher, P. A., Liu, J., Tetzlaff, W., & Roskams, A. J. (2005). Lamina propria and olfactory bulb ensheathing cells exhibit differential integration and migration and promote differential axon sprouting in the lesioned spinal cord. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 10700–10711.
Novikova, L. N., Lobov, S., Wiberg, M., & Novikov, L. N. (2011). Efficacy of olfactory ensheathing cells to support regeneration after spinal cord injury is influenced by method of culture preparation. Experimental Neurology, 229, 132–142.
Toft, A., Tome, M., Barnett, S. C., & Riddell, J. S. (2013). A comparative study of glial and non-neural cell properties for transplant-mediated repair of the injured spinal cord. Glia, 61, 513–528.
Wilkinson, A. E, Kobelt, L. J, Leipzig, N. D. (2013). Immobilized ECM molecules and the effects of concentration and surface type on the control of NSC differentiation. J Biomed Mater Res A.
Beites, C. L., Kawauchi, S., Crocker, C. E., & Calof, A. L. (2005). Identification and molecular regulation of neural stem cells in the olfactory epithelium. Experimental Cell Research, 306, 309–316.
Vincent, A. J., West, A. K., & Chuah, M. I. (2005). Morphological and functional plasticity of olfactory ensheathing cells. Journal of Neurocytology, 34, 65–80.
Li, Y., Field, P. M., & Raisman, G. (1997). Repair of adult rat corticospinal tract by transplants of olfactory ensheathing cells. Science, 277, 2000–2002.
Ramon-Cueto, A., Plant, G. W., Avila, J., & Bunge, M. B. (1998). Long-distance axonal regeneration in the transected adult rat spinal cord is promoted by olfactory ensheathing glia transplants. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 3803–3815.
Lopez-Vales, R., Fores, J., Verdu, E., & Navarro, X. (2006). Acute and delayed transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells promote partial recovery after complete transection of the spinal cord. Neurobiology of Disease, 21, 57–68.
Huang, H., Chen, L., Xi, H., et al. (2009).[Olfactory ensheathing cells transplantation for central nervous system diseases in 1,255 patients]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi;23:14-20.
Li, Y., Carlstedt, T., Berthold, C. H., & Raisman, G. (2004). Interaction of transplanted olfactory-ensheathing cells and host astrocytic processes provides a bridge for axons to regenerate across the dorsal root entry zone. Experimental Neurology, 188, 300–308.
Sasaki, M., Lankford, K. L., Zemedkun, M., & Kocsis, J. D. (2004). Identified olfactory ensheathing cells transplanted into the transected dorsal funiculus bridge the lesion and form myelin. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 8485–8493.
Lie, D. C., Song, H., Colamarino, S. A., Ming, G. L., & Gage, F. H. (2004). Neurogenesis in the adult brain: new strategies for central nervous system diseases. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 44, 399–421.
Philippe Taupin, F. H. G. (2002). Adult neurogenesis and neural stem cells of the central nervous system in mammals. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 69, 745–749.
Shihabuddin, L. S., Ray, J., & Gage, F. H. (1997). FGF-2 is sufficient to isolate progenitors found in the adult mammalian spinal cord. Experimental Neurology, 148, 577–586.
Vacanti, M. P., Leonard, J. L., Dore, B., et al. (2001). Tissue-engineered spinal cord. Transplantation Proceedings, 33, 592–598.
Karimi-Abdolrezaee, S., Eftekharpour, E., Wang, J., Morshead, C. M., & Fehlings, M. G. (2006). Delayed transplantation of adult neural precursor cells promotes remyelination and functional neurological recovery after spinal cord injury. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 3377–3389.
Teng, Y. D., Lavik, E. B., Qu, X., et al. (2002). Functional recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury mediated by a unique polymer scaffold seeded with neural stem cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 3024–3029.
Burnstein, R. M., Foltynie, T., He, X., Menon, D. K., Svendsen, C. N., & Caldwell, M. A. (2004). Differentiation and migration of long term expanded human neural progenitors in a partial lesion model of Parkinson’s disease. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 36, 702–713.
Ostenfeld, T., Caldwell, M. A., Prowse, K. R., Linskens, M. H., Jauniaux, E., & Svendsen, C. N. (2000). Human neural precursor cells express low levels of telomerase in vitro and show diminishing cell proliferation with extensive axonal outgrowth following transplantation. Experimental Neurology, 164, 215–226.
Emgard, M., Holmberg, L., Samuelsson, E. B., et al. (2009). Human neural precursor cells continue to proliferate and exhibit low cell death after transplantation to the injured rat spinal cord. Brain Res.
Cummings, B. J., Uchida, N., Tamaki, S. J., et al. (2005). Human neural stem cells differentiate and promote locomotor recovery in spinal cord-injured mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 14069–14074.
Yan, J., Xu, L., Welsh, A. M., et al. (2007). Extensive neuronal differentiation of human neural stem cell grafts in adult rat spinal cord. PLoS Medicine, 4, e39.
Pallini, R., Vitiani, L. R., Bez, A., et al. (2005). Homologous transplantation of neural stem cells to the injured spinal cord of mice. Neurosurgery, 57, 1014–1025. discussion -25.
Cao, Q. L., Zhang, Y. P., Howard, R. M., Walters, W. M., Tsoulfas, P., & Whittemore, S. R. (2001). Pluripotent stem cells engrafted into the normal or lesioned adult rat spinal cord are restricted to a glial lineage. Experimental Neurology, 167, 48–58.
Shukla, S., Chaturvedi, R. K., Seth, K., Roy, N. S., & Agrawal, A. K. (2009). Enhanced survival and function of neural stem cells-derived dopaminergic neurons under influence of olfactory ensheathing cells in parkinsonian rats. Journal of Neurochemistry, 109, 436–451.
Srivastava, N., Seth, K., Khanna, V. K., Ansari, R. W., & Agrawal, A. K. (2009). Long-term functional restoration by neural progenitor cell transplantation in rat model of cognitive dysfunction: co-transplantation with olfactory ensheathing cells for neurotrophic factor support. International journal of developmental neuroscience: the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience, 27, 103–110.
Silva, N. A., Cooke, M. J., Tam, R. Y., et al. (2012). The effects of peptide modified gellan gum and olfactory ensheathing glia cells on neural stem/progenitor cell fate. Biomaterials, 33, 6345–6354.
Wang, G., Ao, Q., Gong, K., Zuo, H., Gong, Y., & Zhang, X. (2010). Synergistic effect of neural stem cells and olfactory ensheathing cells on repair of adult rat spinal cord injury. Cell Transplantation, 19, 1325–1337.
Luo, Y., Zou, Y., Yang, L., et al. (2013). Transplantation of NSCs with OECs alleviates neuropathic pain associated with NGF downregulation in rats following spinal cord injury. Neuroscience Letters, 549, 103–108.
Radtke, C., Akiyama, Y., Brokaw, J., et al. (2004). Remyelination of the nonhuman primate spinal cord by transplantation of H-transferase transgenic adult pig olfactory ensheathing cells. FASEB Journal, 18, 335–337.
Morshead, C. M., Reynolds, B. A., Craig, C. G., et al. (1994). Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian forebrain: a relatively quiescent subpopulation of subependymal cells. Neuron, 13, 1071–1082.
Reynolds, B. A., & Weiss, S. (1992). Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system. Science, 255, 1707–1710.
Lu, B., Kwan, T., Kurimoto, Y., Shatos, M., Lund, R. D., & Young, M. J. (2002). Transplantation of EGF-responsive neurospheres from GFP transgenic mice into the eyes of rd mice. Brain Research, 943, 292–300.
Goodman, M. N., Silver, J., & Jacobberger, J. W. (1993). Establishment and neurite outgrowth properties of neonatal and adult rat olfactory bulb glial cell lines. Brain Research, 619, 199–213.
Ramon-Cueto, A., & Avila, J. (1998). Olfactory ensheathing glia: properties and function. Brain Research Bulletin, 46, 175–187.
Audisio, C., Raimondo, S., Nicolino, S., et al. (2009). Morphological and biomolecular characterization of the neonatal olfactory bulb ensheathing cell line. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 185, 89–98.
Roet, K. C., Bossers, K., Franssen, E. H., Ruitenberg, M. J., & Verhaagen, J. (2011). A meta-analysis of microarray-based gene expression studies of olfactory bulb-derived olfactory ensheathing cells. Experimental Neurology, 229, 10–45.
DeLucia, T. A., Conners, J. J., Brown, T. J., Cronin, C. M., Khan, T., & Jones, K. J. (2003). Use of a cell line to investigate olfactory ensheathing cell-enhanced axonal regeneration. Anatomical Record. Part B, New Anatomist, 271, 61–70.
Lipson, A. C., Widenfalk, J., Lindqvist, E., Ebendal, T., & Olson, L. (2003). Neurotrophic properties of olfactory ensheathing glia. Experimental Neurology, 180, 167–171.
Pastrana, E., Moreno-Flores, M. T., Gurzov, E. N., Avila, J., Wandosell, F., & Diaz-Nido, J. (2006). Genes associated with adult axon regeneration promoted by olfactory ensheathing cells: a new role for matrix metalloproteinase 2. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 5347–5359.
Frisa, P. S., Goodman, M. N., Smith, G. M., Silver, J., & Jacobberger, J. W. (1994). Immortalization of immature and mature mouse astrocytes with SV40 T antigen. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 39, 47–56.
Honore, A., Le Corre, S., Derambure, C., et al. (2012). Isolation, characterization, and genetic profiling of subpopulations of olfactory ensheathing cells from the olfactory bulb. Glia, 60, 404–413.
Lo Furno, D., Pellitteri, R., Graziano, A. C., et al. (2013). Differentiation of human adipose stem cells into neural phenotype by neuroblastoma- or olfactory ensheathing cells-conditioned medium. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 228, 2109–2118.
Ziege, S., Baumgartner, W., & Wewetzer, K. (2013). Toward defining the regenerative potential of olfactory mucosa: establishment of Schwann cell-free adult canine olfactory ensheathing cell preparations suitable for transplantation. Cell Transplantation, 22, 355–367.
Moreno-Flores, M. T., Lim, F., Martin-Bermejo, M. J., Diaz-Nido, J., Avila, J., & Wandosell, F. (2003). Immortalized olfactory ensheathing glia promote axonal regeneration of rat retinal ganglion neurons. Journal of Neurochemistry, 85, 861–871.
Moreno-Flores, M. T., Bradbury, E. J., Martin-Bermejo, M. J., et al. (2006). A clonal cell line from immortalized olfactory ensheathing glia promotes functional recovery in the injured spinal cord. Molecular Therapy, 13, 598–608.
Simon, D., Martin-Bermejo, M. J., Gallego-Hernandez, M. T., et al. (2011). Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by olfactory ensheathing glia promotes axonal regeneration. Glia, 59, 1458–1471.
Ao, Q., Wang, A. J., Chen, G. Q., Wang, S. J., Zuo, H. C., & Zhang, X. F. (2007). Combined transplantation of neural stem cells and olfactory ensheathing cells for the repair of spinal cord injuries. Medical Hypotheses, 69, 1234–1237.
Raisman, G. (2007). Repair of spinal cord injury by transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 330, 557–560.
Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiao, Z., et al. (2008). Olfactory ensheathing cells promote proliferation and inhibit neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells through activation of Notch signaling. Neuroscience, 153, 406–413.
Cao, L., Zhu, Y. L., Su, Z., et al. (2007). Olfactory ensheathing cells promote migration of Schwann cells by secreted nerve growth factor. Glia, 55, 897–904.
Au, E., Richter, M. W., Vincent, A. J., et al. (2007). SPARC from olfactory ensheathing cells stimulates Schwann cells to promote neurite outgrowth and enhances spinal cord repair. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 7208–7221.
Higginson, J. R., & Barnett, S. C. (2011). The culture of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs)–a distinct glial cell type. Experimental Neurology, 229, 2–9.
Zhang, X., Klueber, K. M., Guo, Z., et al. (2006). Induction of neuronal differentiation of adult human olfactory neuroepithelial-derived progenitors. Brain Research, 1073–1074, 109–119.
Heine, W., Conant, K., Griffin, J. W., & Hoke, A. (2004). Transplanted neural stem cells promote axonal regeneration through chronically denervated peripheral nerves. Experimental Neurology, 189, 231–240.
Wang, L., Zhang, Z. G., Zhang, R. L., et al. (2006). Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9 secreted by erythropoietin-activated endothelial cells promote neural progenitor cell migration. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 5996–6003.
Sarig-Nadir, O., & Seliktar, D. (2010). The role of matrix metalloproteinases in regulating neuronal and nonneuronal cell invasion into PEGylated fibrinogen hydrogels. Biomaterials, 31, 6411–6416.
Whittemore, S. R., Morassutti, D. J., Walters, W. M., Liu, R. H., & Magnuson, D. S. K. (1999). Mitogen and substrate differentially affect the lineage restriction of adult rat subventricular zone neural precursor cell populations. Experimental Cell Research, 252, 75–95.
Kearns, S. M., Laywell, E. D., Kukekov, V. K., & Steindler, D. A. (2003). Extracellular matrix effects on neurosphere cell motility. Experimental Neurology, 182, 240–244.
Andressen, C., Adrian, S., Fässler, R., Arnhold, S., & Addicks, K. (2005). The contribution of beta1 integrins to neuronal migration and differentiation depends on extracellular matrix molecules. European Journal of Cell Biology, 84, 973–982.
Nkansah, M. K., Tzeng, S. Y., Holdt, A. M., & Lavik, E. B. (2008). Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanospheres and microspheres for short- and long-term delivery of bioactive ciliary neurotrophic factor. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 100, 1010–1019.
Johe, K. K., Hazel, T. G., Muller, T., Dugich-Djordjevic, M. M., & McKay, R. D. (1996). Single factors direct the differentiation of stem cells from the fetal and adult central nervous system. Genes and Development, 10, 3129–3140.
Lachyankar, M. B., Condon, P. J., Quesenberry, P. J., Litofsky, N. S., Recht, L. D., & Ross, A. H. (1997). Embryonic precursor cells that express Trk receptors: induction of different cell fates by NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and CNTF. Experimental Neurology, 144, 350–360.
Rajan, P., & McKay, R. D. (1998). Multiple routes to astrocytic differentiation in the CNS. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 3620–3629.
Sendtner, M., Carroll, P., Holtmann, B., Hughes, R. A., & Thoenen, H. (1994). Ciliary neurotrophic factor. Journal of Neurobiology, 25, 1436–1453.
Blesch, A., & Tuszynski, M. H. (2003). Cellular GDNF delivery promotes growth of motor and dorsal column sensory axons after partial and complete spinal cord transections and induces remyelination. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 467, 403–417.
Choi, K. C., Yoo, D. S., Cho, K. S., Huh, P. W., Kim, D. S., & Park, C. K. (2008). Effect of single growth factor and growth factor combinations on differentiation of neural stem cells. Journal of Korean Neurosurgery Society, 44, 375–381.
Mollers, S., Heschel, I., Damink, L. H., et al. (2009). Cytocompatibility of a novel, longitudinally microstructured collagen scaffold intended for nerve tissue repair. Tissue Engineering. Part A, 15, 461–472.
Novikova, L. N., Mosahebi, A., Wiberg, M., Terenghi, G., Kellerth, J. O., & Novikov, L. N. (2006). Alginate hydrogel and matrigel as potential cell carriers for neurotransplantation. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A, 77, 242–252.
Gerardo-Nava, J., Fuhrmann, T., Klinkhammer, K., et al. (2009). Human neural cell interactions with orientated electrospun nanofibers in vitro. Nanomedicine, 4, 11–30.
Hynes, S. R., Rauch, M. F., Bertram, J. P., & Lavik, E. B. (2009). A library of tunable poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(L-lysine) hydrogels to investigate the material cues that influence neural stem cell differentiation. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A, 89, 499–509.
Acknowledgments
The authors have no conflicts of interest. The authors would like to acknowledge NIH Director’s New Innovator Award Grant, DP20D007338. The authors would also like to acknowledge J. Silver for the generous gift of the OEC cell lines.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Rosh Sethi and Roshan Sethi contributed equally
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sethi, R., Sethi, R., Redmond, A. et al. Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Promote Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells and Robust Neurite Extension. Stem Cell Rev and Rep 10, 772–785 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-014-9539-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-014-9539-7