Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Influence of Substrate Characteristics on Single Ti Splat Bonding to Ceramic Substrates by Cold Spray

  • Peer Reviewed
  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Spray Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The cold spray technique may be used to fabricate metal matrix composites and to metallize ceramics. Both applications involve the creation of metal/ceramic interfaces, which are well researched for other processes but not nearly as much for cold spray. Here, the effect of ceramic substrate composition and surface roughness on adhesion strength of metallic splats is investigated. Splat adhesion testing was performed on Ti splats deposited on Al2O3 substrates with varying average reduced peak height roughness (Rpk) values. Ti splats sprayed onto Al2O3 with the lowest surface roughness had a higher bond strength (305 ± 87 MPa) than splats deposited on the higher surface roughness Al2O3 (237 ± 47 MPa). Failed interfaces revealed that the bonding mechanism for substrates with higher surface roughness is predominantly mechanical interlocking. Adhesion to the Al2O3 substrate with low surface roughness is predominantly along the periphery of the particle where jetting occurs. Splat adhesion testing was also performed on Ti splats deposited on SiC. Ti splats had a significantly higher bond strength to all Al2O3 substrates than to SiC. Posttest observations of SiC substrates showed little evidence of bonding. Several rebounded or detached splats left traces of Ti along the periphery of the impacted particle.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. A two-tailed T test was used given that the number of tests and the variance for each test condition were not equal. The null hypothesis, that is the hypothesis that there is no difference between the means, was rejected if the P value was smaller than 0.05. Therefore, a statement can be made that, despite the standard deviation in the data, the means are statistically different with at least a 95% level of confidence when the null hypothesis is rejected.

References

  1. A. Papyrin, Cold Spray Technology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2007

    Google Scholar 

  2. J. Villafuerte, Modern Cold Spray: Materials, Process, and Applications, Springer, Windsor, 2015

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. H. Assadi, F. Gärtner, T. Stoltenhoff, and H. Kreye, Bonding Mechanism in Cold Gas Spraying, Acta Mater., 2003, 51(15), p 4379-4394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. H. Assadi, T. Schmidt, H. Richter, J.O. Kliemann, K. Binder, F. Gärtner, T. Klassen, and H. Kreye, On Parameter Selection in Cold Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20(6), p 1161-1176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. M. Grujicic, C.L. Zhao, W.S. De Rosset, and D. Helfritch, Adiabatic Shear Instability Based Mechanism for Particles/Substrate Bonding in the Cold-Gas Dynamic-Spray Process, Mater. Des., 2004, 25(8), p 681-688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. A. Moridi, S.M. Hassani-Gangaraj, M. Guagliano, and M. Dao, Cold Spray Coating: Review of Material Systems and Future Perspectives, Surf. Eng., 2014, 30(6), p 369-395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. H.Y. Lee, Y.H. Yu, Y.C. Lee, Y.P. Hong, and K.H. Ko, Cold Spray of SiC and Al2O3 with Soft Metal Incorporation: A Technical Contribution, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2004, 13(2), p 184-189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. H. Assadi, H. Kreye, F. Gärtner, and T. Klassen, Cold Spraying—A Materials Perspective, Acta Mater., 2016, 116, p 382-407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. R.R. Chromik, S.A. Alidokht, J.M. Shockley, and Y. Zhang, Tribological Coatings Prepared by Cold Spray, Cold-Spray Coatings: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives, P. Cavaliere, Ed., Springer, Cham, 2018, p 321-348

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. K.-R. Donner, F. Gaertner, and T. Klassen, Metallization of Thin Al2O3 Layers in Power Electronics Using Cold Gas Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20(1-2), p 299-306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. K.R. Ernst, J. Braeutigam, F. Gaertner, and T. Klassen, Effect of Substrate Temperature on Cold-Gas-Sprayed Coatings on Ceramic Substrates, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2013, 22(2-3), p 422-432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. B. Wielage, T. Grund, C. Rupprecht, and S. Kuemmel, New Method for Producing Power Electronic Circuit Boards by Cold-Gas Spraying and Investigation of Adhesion Mechanisms, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 205(4), p 1115-1118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. C. Wüstefeld, D. Rafaja, M. Motylenko, C. Ullrich, R. Drehmann, T. Grund, T. Lampke, and B. Wielage, Local Heteroepitaxy as an Adhesion Mechanism in Aluminium Coatings Cold Gas Sprayed on AlN Substrates, Acta Mater., 2017, 128, p 418-427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. L.L. Hench and S.M. Best, Ceramics, Glasses, and Glass-Ceramics: Basic Principles, Biomaterials Science, 3rd ed., B.D. Ratner, A.S. Hoffman, F.J. Schoen, and J.E. Lemons, Ed., Academic Press, Kidlington, 2013, p 128-151

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  15. J.B. Brunski, Metals: Basic Principles, Biomaterials Science, 3rd ed., B.D. Ratner, A.S. Hoffman, F.J. Schoen, and J.E. Lemons, Ed., Academic Press, Kidlington, 2013, p 111-119

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  16. H. Lee and K. Ko, Effect of SiC Particle Size on Cold Sprayed Al-SiC Composite Coatings, Surf. Eng., 2009, 25(8), p 606-611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. D. Rafaja, T. Schucknecht, V. Klemm, A. Paul, and H. Berek, Microstructural Characterisation of Titanium Coatings Deposited Using Cold Gas Spraying on Al2O3 Substrates, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2009, 203(20-21), p 3206-3213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. R. Drehmann, T. Grund, T. Lampke, B. Wielage, K. Manygoats, T. Schucknecht, and D. Rafaja, Interface Characterization and Bonding Mechanisms of Cold Gas-Sprayed Al Coatings on Ceramic Substrates, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2015, 24(1-2), p 92-99

    Google Scholar 

  19. R. Drehmann, T. Grund, T. Lampke, B. Wielage, K. Manygoats, T. Schucknecht, and D. Rafaja, Splat Formation and Adhesion Mechanisms of Cold Gas-Sprayed Al Coatings on Al2O3 Substrates, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2014, 23(1-2), p 68-75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. K.H. Ko, J.O. Choi, and H. Lee, The Interfacial Restructuring to Amorphous: A New Adhesion Mechanism of Cold-Sprayed Coatings, Mater. Lett., 2016, 175, p 13-15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. S. Kümmel, T. Grund, P. Löschner, and B. Wielage, Influence of Deposition Conditions and Heat Treatment on Tensile Strength of Cold Spray Aluminium Coatings on Al2O3 and AlN Substrates, in Thermal Spray 2011: Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference, September 26-29, 2011, Hamburg, Germany, DSV (2011), pp. 1130-1135

  22. R. Drehmann, T. Grund, T. Lampke, B. Wielage, C. Wüstefeld, M. Motylenko, and D. Rafaja, Essential Factors Influencing the Bonding Strength of Cold-Sprayed Aluminum Coatings on Ceramic Substrates, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2018, 27(3), p 446-455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. K.H. Kim, M. Watanabe, and S. Kuroda, Bonding Mechanisms of Thermally Softened Metallic Powder Particles and Substrates Impacted at High Velocity, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 204(14), p 2175-2180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. A. Sova, V.F. Kosarev, A. Papyrin, and I. Smurov, Effect of Ceramic Particle Velocity on Cold Spray Deposition of Metal-Ceramic Coatings, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20(1-2), p 285-291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. A. Sova, A. Papyrin, and I. Smurov, Influence of Ceramic Powder Size on Process of Cermet Coating Formation by Cold Spray, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18(4), p 633-641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. S.V. Klinkov and V.F. Kosarev, Cold Spraying Activation Using an Abrasive Admixture, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2012, 21(5), p 1046-1053

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. R.R. Chromik, D. Goldbaum, J.M. Shockley, S. Yue, E. Irissou, J.G. Legoux, and N.X. Randall, Modified Ball Bond Shear Test for Determination of Adhesion Strength of Cold Spray Splats, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 205(5), p 1409-1414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. D. Goldbaum, J.M. Shockley, R.R. Chromik, A. Rezaeian, S. Yue, J.G. Legoux, and E. Irissou, The Effect of Deposition Conditions on Adhesion Strength of Ti and Ti6Al4V Cold Spray Splats, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2012, 21(2), p 288-303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Sintered Metal Materials, Excluding Hardmetals—Measurement of Surface Roughness, ISO 23519:2010, International Organization for Standardization ISO (2010)

  30. K. Kim, M. Watanabe, and S. Kuroda, Thermal Softening Effect on the Deposition Efficiency and Microstructure of Warm Sprayed Metallic Powder, Scr. Mater., 2009, 60(8), p 710-713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. K. Yamada and M. Mohri, Properties and Applications of Silicon Carbide Ceramics, Silicon Carbide Ceramics-1: Fundamental and Solid Reaction, S. Sömiya and Y. Inomata, Ed., Elsevier, London, 1991, p 13-44

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  32. T. Schmidt, F. Gärtner, H. Assadi, and H. Kreye, Development of a Generalized Parameter Window for Cold Spray Deposition, Acta Mater., 2006, 54(3), p 729-742

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. B. Samareh and A. Dolatabadi, A Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Cold Spray Process: The Effects of Substrate Location and Shape, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2007, 16(5-6), p 634-642

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. T. Hussain, Cold Spraying of Titanium: A Review of Bonding Mechanisms, Microstructure and Properties, Key Eng. Mater., 2013, 533, p 53-90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. G. Bae, Y. Xiong, S. Kumar, K. Kang, and C. Lee, General Aspects of Interface Bonding in Kinetic Sprayed Coatings, Acta Mater., 2008, 56(17), p 4858-4868

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. M.V. Vidaller, A. List, F. Gaertner, T. Klassen, S. Dosta, and J.M. Guilemany, Single Impact Bonding of Cold Sprayed Ti-6Al-4 V Powders on Different Substrates, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2015, 24(4), p 644-658

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. T. Akatsu, N. Hosoda, T. Suga, and M. Rühle, Atomic Structure of Al/Al Interface Formed by Surface Activated Bonding, J. Mater. Sci., 1999, 34(17), p 4133-4139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. M. Aghasibeig, H. Monajatizadeh, P. Bocher, A. Dolatabadi, R. Wuthrich, and C. Moreau, Cold Spray as a Novel Method for Development of Nickel Electrode Coatings for Hydrogen Production, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 2016, 41(1), p 227-238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. T. Hussain, D.G. McCartney, P.H. Shipway, and D. Zhang, Bonding Mechanisms in Cold Spraying: The Contributions of Metallurgical and Mechanical Components, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18(3), p 364-379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. S. Kumar, G. Bae, and C. Lee, Influence of Substrate Roughness on Bonding Mechanism in Cold Spray, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2016, 304, p 592-605

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Phuong Vo and Jean-Francois Alarie at the McGill Aerospace Materials and Alloys Design Center (MAMADC) for technical support with the cold spray equipment. They also thank Thomas Schmitt and Jolanta Sapieha for technical support and access to the scratch tester. This project would also not have been possible without the financial support from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Strategic Grants Program.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada

    Sara I. Imbriglio, Nicolas Brodusch, Raynald Gauvin & Richard R. Chromik

  2. National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC, J4B 6Y4, Canada

    Maniya Aghasibeig

Authors
  1. Sara I. Imbriglio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nicolas Brodusch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Maniya Aghasibeig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Raynald Gauvin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Richard R. Chromik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard R. Chromik.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Imbriglio, S.I., Brodusch, N., Aghasibeig, M. et al. Influence of Substrate Characteristics on Single Ti Splat Bonding to Ceramic Substrates by Cold Spray. J Therm Spray Tech 27, 1011–1024 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-018-0743-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-018-0743-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation