Abstract
Hydrogen was intentionally introduced into ultra-high strength steel by cadmium plating. The purpose was to examine the effect of cadmium plate thickness and hence hydrogen on the impact energy of the steel. The AISI 4340 steel was austenitized at 1000 °C for 1 h, water quenched, and tempered at temperatures between 257 and 593 °C in order to achieve a range of targeted strength levels. The specimens were cadmium plated with 0.00508 mm (0.2 mils), 0.00762 mm (0.3 mils), and 0.0127 mm (0.5 mils). Results demonstrated that the uncharged specimens exhibited higher impact energy values when compared to the plated specimens at all tempering temperatures. The cadmium-plated specimens had very low Charpy impact values irrespective of their ultimate tensile strength values. The model of hydrogen transport by mobile dislocations to the fracture site appears to provide the most suitable explanation of the results.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G.L. Nash, H. Choo, P. Nash, L.L. Daemen, and M.A.M. Bourke, Lattice Dilation in a Hydrogen Charged Steel, International Centre for Diffraction Data, Adv. X-Ray Anal., 2003, 46, p 238–239
J.M. Tartaglia, K.A. Lazzari, G.P. Hui, and K.L. Hayrynen, A Comparison of Mechanical Properties and Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance of Austempered vs Quenched and Tempered 4340 Steel, J. Metall. Mater. Trans. A., 2008, 39A, p 559–576
H. Uyama, M. Nakashima, K. Morishige, Y. Mine, and Y. Murakami, Effects of Hydrogen Charge on Microscopic Fatigue Behavior of Annealed Carbon Steels, J. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct., 2006, 29, p 1066–1074
I.O. Shim and J.G. Bryne, Microstructural Structural Response of 4340 Steel to Hydrogen Charging, J. Eng. Mater., 1990, 12, p 235–244
I.A. Barnoush, Hydrogen Embrittlement. http://www.uni-saarland.de/fak8/wwm/research/phd_barnoush/hydrogen.pdf. N.p., 1 Dec 2011. Web. 2 Feb 2014, p 13–19
N.C. Uwakweh, C. Oswald, A. Samuel, and S. Vinod, Hydrogen Charging of AISI-321 Austenitic Stainless Steel by Cathodic Polarization, in Tri-Service Corrosion Conference, 2005, p 1–16
J. Rehrl, K. Mraczek, A. Pichler, and E. Werner, Mechanical Properties and Fracture Behavior of Hydrogen Charges AHSS/UHSS Grades at High- and Low Strain Rate Tests, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 590, p 360–367
J.P. Hirth, Effects of Hydrogen on the Properties of Iron and Steel, Metall. Trans. A, 1980, 11, p 861–890
H. Luo, C.F. Dong, Z.Y. Liu, M.T.J. Maha, and X.G. Li, Characterization of Hydrogen Charging of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel and its Correlation with Hydrogen-Induced Cracking, Mater. Corros., 2013, 64, p 26–29
A. Valiente, J. Toribio, R. Cortes, and L. Caballero, Tensile Failure of Stainless-Steel Notched Bars Under Hydrogen Charging, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 1996, 118, p 118–191
R. Fratesi and G. Roventi, Hydrogen-Inclusion Interaction in Tempered Martensite Embrittled SAE 4340 Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process., 1989, 119, p 17–22
R.W. Hertzberg, Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials, 4th ed., J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996, p 485–514
R.P. Gangloff, Hydrogen Assisted Cracking of High Strength Alloys, in Comprehensive Structural Integrity, vol. 6. Elsevier Science, New York, 2003, p 1–7
T. Neeraj, R. Srinivasan, and J. Li, Hydrogen Embrittlement of Ferritic Steels: Observations on Deformation Microstructure, Nanoscale Dimples and Failure by Nanovoiding, Acta Mater., 2012, 60, p 5160–5171
J. Venenzuela, Q. Liu, M. Zhang, Q. Zhou, and A. Atrens, The Influence of Hydrogen on the Mechanical and Fracture Properties of Some Martensitic Advanced High Strength Steels Studied Using the Linearly Increasing Stress Test, Corros. Sci., 2015, 99, p 98–117
S.-J. Lee, J. Aronevich, G. Krauss, and D. Matlock, Hydrogen Embrittlement of Hardened Low-Carbon Sheet Steel, ISIJ Int., 2010, 50(2), p 294–301
D. Perez Escobar, K. Verbeken, L. Duprez, and M. Verhaege, Evaluation of Hydrogen Trapping in High Strength Steels by Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2012, 551, p 50–58
F. Liu and Y. Zhao, Effects of Hydrogen Induced Delay Fracture on High-Strength Steel Plate of Automobile and Improvement, Frat. Integr. Strut., 2016, 36, p 139–150
G. Wang, Y. Yan, J. Li, J. Huang, Y. Su, and L. Qiao, Hydrogen Embrittlement Assessment of Ultra-High Strength Steel 30CrMnSiNi2, Corros. Sci., 2013, 77, p 273–280
X.S. Du, W.B. Cao, C.D. Wang, S.J. Li, J.Y. Zhao, and Y.F. Sun, Effect of Microstructures and Inclusions on Hydrogen-Induced Cracking and Blistering of A537 Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, 642, p 181–186
ASTM F326-96 (2012) Standard Test Method for Electronic Measurement for Hydrogen Embrittlement From Cadmium Electroplating Processes. ASTM F326-96 (2012) Standard Test Method for Electronic Measurement for Hydrogen Embrittlement From Cadmium Electroplating Processes. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 March 2014.
ASTM F1624-09 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Hydrogen Embrittlement Threshold in Steel by the Incremental Step Loading Technique.” N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Aug. 2014.
M. Szczepanski, The Brittleness of Steel, Wiley, New York, 1963, p 197–199
M. Darbie Jean, A Model for Studying Hydrogen Embrittlement Using Severely Charged Impact Specimens, Master’s thesis, University of Washington, 1997
K. Mori, E.W. Lee, W.E. Frazier, K. Nigi, G. Battel, A. Tran, I. Iriarte, O. Perez, H. Ruitz, T. Choi, P. Stoyanov, J. Ogren, J. Alrashid, and O.S. Es-Said, Effect of Tempering and Baking on the Charpy Impact Energy of Hydrogen Charged 4340 Steel, NJMEPEG, 2015, 24, p 329–337
J.K. Tien, A.W. Thompson, I.M. Bernstein, and R.J. Richards, Hydrogen Transport by Dislocations, Met. Trans. A, 1976, 7A, p 821–829
P. Bastien, and P. Azou, Effect of Hydrogen on the Deformation and Fracture of Iron and Steel in Simple Tension, in Proceedings of the First World Metallurgical Congress, ASM, Cleveland, OH, 1951, p 535–552
G.M. Pressouyre and I.M. Bernstein, A Quantitative Analysis of Hydrogen Trapping, Met. Trans. A, 1987, 9A, p 1571–1580
Matweb.com, 4340 Steel Material Properties. http://www.matweb.com, 2010
ASTM E8, Instron Tension Testing of Metallic Materials. http://www.instron.us/wa/home/default_en.aspx, 2010
ASTM E23, Standard Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials, ASTM Designation: E23, vol. 03.01. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012.
SAE AMS 2400, Aerospace Material Specification, Plating Cadmium, 2013-02.
M.J. Haynes and R.P. Gangloff, Temperature Dependent Void Sheet Fracture in Al-Cu-Mg-Ag, Metall. Trans. A, 1998, 11A, p 1599–1613
K.S. Ghosh and D.K. Mondal, Effects of Grain Size on Mechanical Electrochemical and Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of a Micro-Alloy-Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 559, p 693–705
A.W. Thompson, Ductile Fracture Topography: Geometrical Contributions and Effects of Hydrogen, Metall. Trans. A, 1979, 10A, p 727–731
J.K. Tien, K. Nair, and R.R. Jensen, Dislocation Sweeping of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Embrittlement, Hydrogen Effects in Metals, I.M. Bernstein and A.W. Thompson, Ed., Metallurgical Society of AIME, New York, NY, 1981, p 37–56
S.M. Charca, O.N. Uwakweh, and U. Agarwala, Hydrogen Transport Conditions and Effects in Cathodically Polarized AF 1410 Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2007, 38A, p 2389–2399
J. Albrecht, I.M. Bernstein, and A.W. Thompson, Evidence for Dislocation Transport of Hydrogen in Aluminum, Metall. Trans. A, 1982, 13A, p 811–820
A.W. Thompson and B.A. Wilcox, Deformation and Fracture of Dispersion Strengthened Nickel Charged with Hydrogen, Scr. Met., 1972, 6, p 689–696
C.G. Rhodes and A.W. Thompson, Microstructure and Hydrogen Performance of Alloy 903, Metal. Trans. A., 1977, 8A, p 949–954
N.F. Foire and J.A. Kargol, Hydrogen-Related Embrittlement of Ni-Base Superalloy, Hydrogen Effects in Metals, I.M. Bernstein and A.W. Thompson, Ed., TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1981, p 851–862
I.M. Robertson, The Effect of Hydrogen on Dislocation Dynamics, Eng. Fract. Mech., 2001, 68, p 671–692
S.P. Lynch, Environmentally Assisted Cracking: Overview of Evidence for an Adsorption-Induced Localized-Slip Process, Acta Mater., 1988, 36, p 2639–2661
H.K. Birnbaum and P. Sorfronis, Hydrogen-Enhanced Localized Plasticity—A Mechanism for Hydrogen-Related Fracture, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1988, 36, p 2639–2661
M.L. Martin, J.A. Fenske, G.S. Liu, P. Sofronis, and I.M. Robertson, On the Formation and Nature of Quasi-Cleavage Fracture Surfaces in Hydrogen Embrittled Steels, Acta Mater., 2011, 59, p 1601–1606
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Es-Said, O.S., Alcisto, J., Guerra, J. et al. Effect of Cadmium Plating Thickness on the Charpy Impact Energy of Hydrogen-Charged 4340 Steel. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 25, 3606–3614 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2246-6
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2246-6