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An ultrastructural study of spore wall development and septal pores in species of the Pachyphlodes (Pezizaceae, Pezizales) lineage, with a description of the new species Pachyphlodes annagardnerae

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Abstract

Pachyphlodes (Pezizaceae) is a genus of truffle-like fungi that is distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. These fungi form ectomycorrhizae primarily with trees in the Fagaceae family, and occasionally with other host plants. The genus Plicariella (= Scabropezia) is phylogenetically inferred as an ally of, or within, the Pachyphlodes lineage. Despite molecular phylogenetic analyses that show the close relationships of species in these two genera, morphological differences in ascomata shape and color, spore ornamentation, and ascus shape are profound. Here, we studied spore wall development to better understand affinities within the Pachyphlodes–Plicariella lineages. Electron microscopy studies indicate that the initial spore wall development is similar across six Pachyphlodes species and a Plicariella species, despite striking differences in mature spore ornamentation among species. Ultrastructural analyses reveal that differences in spore ornamentation among Pachyphlodes species are due to unique developmental events at the final stages of spore wall deposition. Septal pore ultrastructure in Pachyphlodes species is similar to other Pezizaceae that have been studied. Molecular analyses of the five species studied indicate that four of them have not been previously described. The new species Pachyphlodes annagardnerae is here described, and the ultrastructural features of species of Pachyphlodes, Plicariella, and other Pezizales are compared and discussed.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the following herbaria and their curators for specimen loans that were instrumental to this study: BG, CUP, FH, K, MA, NY, OSC, S, and SOC. The FLAS herbarium provided critical support for this work. Richard Kay generously translated the Latin description of P. ligericus. The following people contributed specimens and samples that were used in this study: Julio Cabero, Michael Castellano, Efren Cázares, Aurelia Paz Conde, Roy Halling, Carol Hobart, Debbie Klein, Alicia Knudson, Esther McLaughlin, Jean-Baptiste Perez, Branislav Peric, Lois H. Tiffany, and Nicolas Van Vooren. Lois Tiffany was a valued mentor for the ultrastructural portion of this project. Funding for RAH came from the Gilman Fund at Iowa State University, the Iowa Science Foundation, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, The Society of Systematic Biologists, and The University of Minnesota Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship. Funding for MES was provided by NSF grant DEB-1354802, with additional support from the Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) at the University of Florida.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Pathology, Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA

    R. A. Healy & M. E. Smith

  2. Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Bessey Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

    H. T. Horner

  3. Department of Plant, Molecular Plant Sciences Building, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    G. Bonito

  4. Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, Gortner Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA

    D. J. McLaughlin

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  1. R. A. Healy
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  2. H. T. Horner
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  3. G. Bonito
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  4. D. J. McLaughlin
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  5. M. E. Smith
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Correspondence to R. A. Healy.

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Section Editors: Teresa Iturriaga and Marc Stadler

This article is part of the “Special Issue on ascomycete systematics in honour of Richard P. Korf who died in August 2016”.

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Healy, R.A., Horner, H.T., Bonito, G. et al. An ultrastructural study of spore wall development and septal pores in species of the Pachyphlodes (Pezizaceae, Pezizales) lineage, with a description of the new species Pachyphlodes annagardnerae . Mycol Progress 17, 45–63 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-017-1348-3

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