Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Alcohol Use and Emerging Adult Development: a Latent Profile Analysis of Community Drinkers

  • Original Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of the current study was to assess whether individuals differ in their experiences of emerging adulthood (EA) and associations with distinct patterns of alcohol use. To differentiate between EA drinking patterns, 153 regular community drinkers (ages 18–24 years; M = 20.9, SD = 1.9; 66.0% women; 53.6% Caucasian; 68.0% students) completed the Inventory of Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA) and measures of alcohol use, drinking motives, and drinking consequences. Latent profile analysis revealed two profiles: EA-consistent (90%) had elevated scores on the five typical IDEA subscales; non-exploring EA (10%) had low scores on four dimensions. Non-exploring EA consistently demonstrated significantly lower scores on all alcohol variables at baseline and higher drinking volume, consequences, and social motives 1 year later. Findings indicate distinct profiles of EA development are associated with different patterns of alcohol use; how individuals experience this time of life may influence involvement in high-risk drinking during EA.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. A standard drink was defined as one bottle of beer (12 oz, 5%), one glass of wine (5 oz, 10–12%), or one shot of hard liquor (1.5 oz, 43–50%; Collins et al. 2008).

  2. The following were coded as binary variables in the latent profile analysis due to the smaller size of one of the classes: ethnicity, romantic relationship (casually dating, in an exclusive relationship, married/common-law), living in parents’ home, employment status, in school.

  3. See Supplemental Materials for graphs comparing latent profiles on drinking variables.

References

  • Allem, J., Sussman, S., Soto, D. W., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., & Unger, J. B. (2016). Role transitions and substance use among hispanic emerging adults: a longitudinal study using coarsened exact matching. Addictive Behaviors, 58, 95–99.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J., Žukauskiene, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18-29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569-576.

  • Arnett, J. J. (2005). The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood. Journal of Drug Issues, 35(2), 235–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asparouhov, T., & Muthen, B. O. (2013). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: a 3-step approach using Mplus (Mplus web notes: No. 15, Version 6).

  • Bachman, J., O’Malley, P., Schulenberg, J., Johnston, L., Bryant, A., & Merline, A. (2002). The decline of substance use in young adulthood: changes in social activities, roles, and beliefs. Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baggio, S., Studer, J., Iglesias, K., Daeppen, J., & Gmel, G. (2017). Emerging adulthood: a time of changes in psychosocial well-being. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 40(4), 383–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagnardi, V., Zatonski, W., Scotti, L., La Vecchia, C., & Corrao, G. (2008). Does drinking pattern modify the effect of alcohol on the risk of coronary heart disease? Evidence from a meta-analysis. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 62(7), 615–619.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bamberger, P. A., Koopmann, J., Wang, M., Larimer, M., Nahum-Shani, I., Geisner, I., & Bacharach, S. B. (2018). Does college alcohol consumption impact employment upon graduation? Findings from a prospective study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(1), 111–121.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, D. I., Weisgram, E. S., Holleque, K. M., Lund, K. E., & Wheeler-Anderson, J. (2005). Identity development and alcohol consumption: Current and retrospective self-reports by college students. Journal of Adolescence, 28(4), 523-533. 

  • Boak, A., Hamilton, H. A., Adlaf, E. A., & Mann, R. E. (2015). Drug use among Ontario students, 1977-2015: detailed OSDUHS findings (CAMH Research Document No. 41). Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey (2012). Summary of Results for 2012. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-concerns/drug-prevention-treatment/drug-alcohol-use-statistics/canadian-alcohol-drug-use-monitoring-survey-summary-results-2012.html. Accessed 3 Jun 2018

  • Chassin, L., Hussong, A., & Beltran, I. (2009). Adolescent substance use. In R. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (3rd ed., pp. 723–764). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, P., & Jacobson, K. C. (2012). Developmental trajectories of substance use from early adolescence to young adulthood: gender and racial/ethnic differences. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(2), 154–163.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, S. L., & Muthén, B. (2009). Relating latent class analysis results to variables not included in the analysis. Available online at: http://www.statmodel.com/download/relatinglca.pdf.

  • Cleveland, M. J., Mallett, K. A., White, H. R., Turrisi, R., & Favero, S. (2013). Patterns of alcohol use and related consequence in non-college-attending emerging adults. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74(1), 84–93.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Clogg, C. C. (1995). Latent class models: recent developments and prospects for the future. In G. Arminger, C. C. Clogg, & M. E. Sobel (Eds.), Handbook of statistical modeling for the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 311–352). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, R. L., Kashdan, T. B., Koutsky, J. R., Morsheimer, E. T., & Vetter, C. J. (2008). A self-administered timeline followback to measure variations in underage drinkers’ alcohol intake and binge drinking. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 196–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M. L. (1994). Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: development and validation of a four-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 6(2), 117–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M. L., Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Mudar, P. (1995). Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: a motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 990–1005.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M. L., Kuntsche, E., Levitt, A., Barber, L. L., & Wolf, S. (2016). A motivational perspective on substance use: review of theory and research on motives for using alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco. In K. J. Sher (Ed.), Oxford handbook of substance use disorders (pp. 375–421). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, W. M., & Klinger, E. (1988). A motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(2), 168–180.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J. P., Dumas, T. M., Briley, D. A., & Sussman, S. (2018). A meta-analysis of the association between substance use and emerging adult development using the IDEA scale. American Journal on Addictions, 27(3), 166–176.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: youth and crisis. Oxford: W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fazzino, T. L., Fleming, K., Sher, K. J., Sullivan, D. K., & Befort, C. (2017). Heavy drinking in young adulthood increases risk of transitioning to obesity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(2), 169–175.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Galambos, N. L., Barker, E. T., & Krahn, H. J. (2006). Depression, self-esteem, and anger in emerging adulthood: seven year trajectories. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 350–365.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gates, J. R., Corbin, W. R., & Fromme, K. (2016). Emerging adult identity development, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems during the transition out of college. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(3), 345–355.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gmel, G., Bissery, A., Gammeter, R., Givel, J. C., Calmes, J. M., Yersin, B., & Daeppen, J. B. (2006). Alcohol-attributable injuries in admissions to a Swiss emergency room—an analysis of the link between volume of drinking, drinking patterns, and preattendance drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 30(3), 501–509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gmel, G., Kuntsche, E., & Rehm, J. (2011). Risky single-occasion drinking: bingeing is not bingeing. Addiction, 106(6), 1037–1045.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, A. L., Haller, S., Mackinnon, S. P., & Stewart, S. H. (2018). Attachment anxiety and avoidance, emotion dysregulation, interpersonal difficulties and alcohol problems in emerging adulthood. Addiction Research & Theory. Advance online publication.

  • Goodman, I., Henderson, J., Peterson-Badali, M., & Goldstein, A. L. (2015). The relationship between psychosocial features of emerging adulthood and substance use change motivation in youth. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 52, 58–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagenaars, J. A. (1993). Loglinear models with latent variables. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagger-Johnson, G., Taibjee, R., Semlyen, J., Fitchie, I., Fish, J., Meads, C., & Varney, J. (2013). Sexual orientation identity in relation to smoking history and alcohol use at age 18/19: cross-sectional associations from the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE). British Medical Journal Open, 3(8), e002810.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, K. M., & Sartor, C. E. (2016). The natural course of substance use and dependence. In K. J. Sher (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of substance use and substance use disorders (Vol. 1, pp. 67–131). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jochman, K., & Fromme, K. (2010). Maturing out of substance use: the other side of etiology. In L. M. Scheier (Ed.), Handbook of drug use etiology: theory, methods, and empirical findings (pp. 565–578). Washington: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., & Miech, R. A. (2016). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2015: Volume II, college students and adults ages 19–55. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan Available at http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs.html#monographs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, L. D., Miech, R. A., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., & Patrick, M. E. (2018). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2017: overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahler, C. W., Strong, D. R., & Read, J. P. (2005). Toward efficient and comprehensive measurement of the alcohol problems continuum in college students: the Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences questionnaire. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(7), 1180–1189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahler, C. W., Hustad, J., Barnett, N. P., Strong, D. R., & Borsari, B. (2008). Validation of the 30-day version of the Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences questionnaire for use in longitudinal studies. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(4), 611–615.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kamata, A., Kara, Y., Patarapichayatham, C., & Lan, P. (2018). Evaluation of analysis approaches for latent class analysis with auxiliary linear growth model. Frontiers in Psychology. Advance online publication.

  • Kendler, K. S., Lönn, S. L., Salvatore, J., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2016). Effect of marriage on risk for onset of alcohol use disorder: a longitudinal and co-relative analysis in a Swedish national sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(9), 911–918.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., & Wang, P. S. (2008). The descriptive epidemiology of commonly occurring mental disorders in the United States. Annual Review of Public Health, 29(1), 115–129.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuntsche, E., Knibbe, R., Gmel, G., & Engels, R. (2006). Replication and validation of the Drinking Motive Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R, Cooper, 1994) among adolescents in Switzerland. European Addiction Research, 12(3), 161–168.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuntsche, E., Knibbe, R., Engels, R., & Gmel, G. (2010). Being drunk to have fun or to forget problems?: identifying enhancement and coping drinkers among risky drinking adolescents. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26(1), 46–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuntsche, E., Gabhainn, S. N., Roberts, C., Windlin, B., Vieno, A., Bendtsen, P., Hublet, A., Tynjala, J., Valimaa, R., Dankulincova, Z., Aasvee, K., Demetrovics, Z., Farkas, J., van der Sluijs, W., de Matos, M. G., Mazur, J., & Wicki, M. (2014). Drinking motives and links to alcohol use in 13 European countries. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 75(3), 428–437.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuntsche, E., Kuntsche, S., Thrul, J., & Gmel, G. (2017). Binge drinking: health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychology & Health, 32(8), 976–1017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanctot, J., & Poulin, F. (2018). Emerging adulthood features and adjustment: a person-centered approach. Emerging Adulthood, 6(2), 91–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, J. (2014). Counseling emerging adults in transition: practical applications of attachment and social support research. The Professional Counselor, 5(1), 30–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau-Barraco, C., Linden-Carmichael, A. N., Hequembourg, A., & Pribesh, S. (2017). Motivations and consequences of alcohol use among heavy drinking nonstudent emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 32(6), 667–695.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lisha, N., Grana, R., Sun, P., Rohrbach, L., Spruijt-Metz, D., Reifman, A., & Sussman, S. (2014). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Revised Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA-R) in a sample of continuation high school students. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 37(2), 156–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loken, E. (2004). Using latent class analysis to model temperament types. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(4), 625–652.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Löwe, B., Decker, O., Müller, S., Brähler, E., Schellberg, D., Herzog, W., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2008). Validation and standardization of the generalized anxiety disorder screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Medical Care, 46(3), 266–274.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551–558.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matusiewicz, A. K., Ilgen, M. A., & Bohnert, K. M. (2016). Changes in alcohol use following the transition to motherhood: findings from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 168, 204–210.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, G. J., & Peel, D. (2000). Finite mixture models. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miech, R. A., Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., & Patrick, M. E. (2017). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2016: volume I, secondary school students. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mushquash, A. R., Stewart, S. H., Sherry, S. B., Sherry, D. L., Mushquash, C. J., & MacKinnon, A. L. (2013). Depressive symptoms are a vulnerability factor for heavy episodic drinking: a short-term, four-wave longitudinal study of undergraduate women. Addictive Behaviors, 38(5), 2180–2186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muthen, B. O. (2004). Growth mixture modeling and related techniques for longitudinal data. In D. Kaplan (Ed.), Handbook of quantitative methodology for the social sciences (pp. 345–368). Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (1998–2017). Mplus user’s guide. Los Angeles: Author.

  • Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthen, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: a Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 535–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, M. E., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2011). How trajectories of reasons for alcohol use relate to trajectories of binge drinking: national panel data spanning late adolescence to early adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 47(2), 311–317.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, M. E., Schulenberg, J. E., O'Malley, P. M., Maggs, J. L., Kloska, D. D., Johnston, L. D., & Bachman, J. G. (2011). Age-related changes in reasons for using alcohol and marijuana from ages 18 to 30 in a national sample. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(2), 330–339.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, M. E., Terry-McElrath, Y. M., Kloska, D. D., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016). High-intensity drinking among young adults in the United States: prevalence, frequency, and developmental change. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 40, 1905–1912.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phinney, J. S., & Kohatsu, E. L. (1997). Ethnic and racial identity development and mental health. In J. Schulenberg, J. L. Maggs, & K. Hurrelmann (Eds.), Health risks and developmental transitions during adolescence (pp. 420–443). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinn, P. D., & Harden, K. P. (2013). Differential changes in impulsivity and sensation seeking and the escalation of substance use from adolescence to early adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 25(1), 223–239.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: a self report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reich, R. R., Cummings, J. R., Greenbaum, P. E., Moltisanti, A. J., & Goldman, M. S. (2015). The temporal “pulse” of drinking: tracking 5 years of binge drinking in emerging adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(3), 635–647.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reifman, A., Arnett, J. J., & Colwell, M. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: theory, assessment and application. Journal of Youth Development, 2(1), 37–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulenberg, J. E., Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Miech, R. A., & Patrick, M. E. (2017). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2016: volume II, college students and adults ages 19-55. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan Available at http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs.html#monographs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. J. (2016). Turning point for a turning point: advancing emerging adulthood theory and research. Emerging Adulthood, 4(5), 307–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sher, K. J., & Gotham, H. (1999). Pathological alcohol involvement: a developmental disorder of young adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 11(4), 933–956.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simons-Morton, B., Haynie, D., Liu, D., Chaurasia, A., Li, K., & Hingson, R. (2016). The effect of residence, school status, work status, and social influence on the prevalence of alcohol use among emerging adults. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 77(1), 121–132.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. C., Bahar, O. S., Cleeland, L. R., & Davis, J. P. (2014). Self-perceived emerging adult status and substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28(3), 935–941.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1992). Timeline follow-back. In Measuring alcohol consumption (pp. 41–72). Totowa: Humana Press.

  • Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sussman, S., & Arnett, J. J. (2014). Emerging adulthood: developmental period facilitative of the addictions. Evaluation and the Health Professions, 37(2), 147–155.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tagliabue, S., Crocetti, E., & Lanz, M. (2016). Emerging adulthood features and criteria for adulthood: variable- and person-centered approaches. Journal of Youth Studies, 19(3), 374–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarter, R., & Vanyukov, M. (1994). Alcoholism: a developmental disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(6), 1096–2007.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, Z. E., Doane, L. D., & Eisenberg, N. (2014). Transitioning from high school to college: relations of social support, ego-resiliency, and maladjustment during emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 2(2), 105–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, K., Roemer, A., & Leadbeater, B. (2015). Impulsive personality, parental monitoring, and alcohol outcomes from adolescence through young adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(3), 320–326.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Damme, J., Maes, L., Kuntsche, E., Crutzen, R., De Clercq, B., Van Lippevelde, W., & Hublet, A. (2015). The influence of parental drinking on offspring’s drinking motives and drinking: a mediation analysis on 9 year follow-up data. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 149, 63–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Zwaluw, C., Kuntsche, E., & Engels, R. C. (2011). Risky alcohol use in adolescence: the role of genetics (DRD2, SLC6A4) and coping motives. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(4), 756–764.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, M., & Hanges, P. J. (2011). Latent class procedures: applications to organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 14(1), 24–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2012). Mixture modeling. In D. J. Balding (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: applications using Mplus (pp. 289–390). Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, H. R., & Jackson, K. (2004). Social and psychological influences on emerging adult drinking behavior. Alcohol Research & Health, 28(4), 182–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wicki, M., Kuntsche, E., Eichenberger, Y., Aasvee, K., Bendtsen, P., Dankulincová Veselská, Z., Demetrovics, Z., Dzielska, Z., Farkas, J., de Matos, M. G., Roberts, C., Tynjala, J., Valimaa, R., & Vieno, A. (2017). Different drinking motives, different adverse consequences? Evidence among adolescents from 10 European countries. Drug and Alcohol Review, 36(6), 731–741.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by a grant from the Foundation for Alcohol Research (ABMRF) awarded to Abby L. Goldstein, Sherry Stewart, and Sean Mackinnon and an Early Researcher Award from the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation to Dr. Goldstein. Dr. Goldstein is supported by a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Tier 2 Canada Research Chair in the Psychology of Emerging Adulthood and Dr. Stewart is supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Addictions and Mental Health. Joyce Zhu was supported by a Master’s Graduate Scholarship from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Psychology & Human Development, OISE, University of Toronto, 252 Bloor Street West, 9-174, Toronto, ON, M5S 1V6, Canada

    Joyce Y. Zhu & Abby L. Goldstein

  2. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada

    Sean P. Mackinnon

  3. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada

    Sherry H. Stewart

Authors
  1. Joyce Y. Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abby L. Goldstein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sean P. Mackinnon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sherry H. Stewart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joyce Y. Zhu.

Ethics declarations

Ethics

The study was reviewed and the protocol approved by Research Ethics Board at the University of Toronto.

Informed Consent

All participants provided informed consent and participation was voluntary.

Conflict of Interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOCX 313 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhu, J.Y., Goldstein, A.L., Mackinnon, S.P. et al. Alcohol Use and Emerging Adult Development: a Latent Profile Analysis of Community Drinkers. Int J Ment Health Addiction 17, 1180–1199 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-0039-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-0039-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation