Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Tears in Your Beer: Gender Differences in Coping Drinking Motives, Depressive Symptoms and Drinking

  • Published:
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study evaluates associations between coping drinking motives (CDM; drinking to regulate negative affect), depressive symptoms, and drinking behavior and extends the literature by also taking into account gender differences. Two hundred forty-three college students (Mean age = 22.93, SD = 6.29, 82 % female) participated. Based on previous research, we expected that CDM would be positively associated with drinking and problems, particularly among those higher in depressive symptoms, as individuals experiencing higher levels of negative affect (i.e. depressive symptoms) and who drink to cope are likely to drink more and experience more alcohol-related problems. Lastly, based on established gender differences, we expected that CDM would be positively associated with drinking and problems, especially among females higher in depressive symptoms. Unexpectedly, findings suggested that CDMs were positively related to peak drinking, especially among those lower in depressive symptoms. Results further revealed a significant three-way interaction between CDM, depressive symptoms, and gender when predicting alcohol-related problems and drinking frequency. Specifically, we found that CDM were more strongly associated with problems among women who were lower in depressive symptoms; whereas CDM were more strongly associated with problems among men who were higher in depressive symptoms. These findings offer a more comprehensive depiction of the relationship between depressive symptoms, CDM, and drinking behavior by taking into account the importance of gender differences. These results provide additional support for considering gender when designing and implementing alcohol intervention strategies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abrams, D. B., & Niaura, R. S. (1987). Social learning theory. In H. T. Blane & K. E. Leonard (Eds.), Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism (pp. 131–178). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armeli, S., Conner, T., Cullum, J., & Tennen, H. (2010). A longitudinal analysis of drinking motives moderating the negative affect-drinking association among college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(1), 38–47.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, J. S. (1993). Etiology and secondary prevention of alcohol problems with young adults. In J. Baer, G. Marlatt, R. McMahon, J. Baer, G. Marlatt, & R. McMahon (Eds.), Addictive behaviors across the life span: Prevention, treatment, and policy issues (pp. 111–137). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borsari, B., & Carey, K. B. (2001). Peer influences on college drinking: a review of the research. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13(4), 391–424.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borsari, B., Neal, D. J., Collins, S. E., & Carey, K. B. (2001). Differential utility of three indexes of risky drinking for predicting alcohol problems in college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15, 321–324.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Caetano, R. (1994). Drinking and alcohol-related problems among minority women. Alcohol Health and Research World, 18(3), 233–242.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Camatta, C. D., & Nagoshi, C. T. (1995). Stress, depression, irrational beliefs, and alcohol use and problems in a college student sample. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19, 142–146.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, K. B., & Correia, C. J. (1997). Drinking motives predict alcohol-related problems in college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58(1), 100–105.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, K., & Kandel, D. B. (1995). The natural history of drug use from adolescence to the mid-thirties in a general population sample. American Journal of Public Health, 85(1), 41–47.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, R., Parks, G. A., & Marlatt, G. (1985). Social determinants of alcohol consumption: the effects of social interaction and model status on the self-administration of alcohol. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 189–200.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M. L. (1994). Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: development and validation of a four-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 6, 117–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., Skinner, J. B., & Windle, M. (1992). Development and validation of a three-dimensional measure of drinking motives. Psychological Assessment, 4, 123–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M. L., Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Mudar, P. (1995). Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: a motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 990–1005.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, W., & Klinger, A. (1988). A motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(2), 168–180.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dixit, A. R., & Crum, R. M. (2000). Prospective study of depression and the risk of heavy alcohol use in women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 751–758.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, E. C., Larimer, M. E., & Neighbors, C. (2002). Alcohol and drug-related negative consequences in college students with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32(2), 171–178.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geisner, I. M., Larimer, M. E., & Neighbors, C. (2004). The relationship among alcohol use, related problems, and symptoms of psychological distress: gender as a moderator in a college sample. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 843–848.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geisner, I., Mallett, K., & Kilmer, J. R. (2012). An examination of depressive symptoms and drinking patterns in first year college students. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(5), 280–287.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golding, J. M., & Aneshensel, C. S. (1989). Factor structure of the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale among Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic Whites. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1(3), 163–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, M. S., Darkes, J., & Del Boca, F. K. (1999a). Expectancy mediation of biopsychosocial risk for alcohol use and alcoholism. In I. Kirsch (Ed.), How expectancies shape experience (pp. 233–262). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, M., Del Boca, F., & Darkes, J. (1999b). Alcohol expectancy theory: The application of cognitive neuroscience. In K. E. Leonard & H. T. Blane (Eds.), Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism (2nd ed., pp. 203–246). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith, A., Tran, G., Smith, J., & Howe, S. (2009). Alcohol expectancies and drinking motives in college drinkers: mediating effects on the relationship between generalized anxiety and heavy drinking in negative-affect situations. Addictive Behaviors, 34(6–7), 505–513.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, V., Collins, R., & Bradizza, C. (2009). Solitary and social heavy drinking, suicidal ideation, and drinking motives in underage college drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 34(12), 993–999.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, V. M., Reynolds, B., & Skewes, M. C. (2011). Role of impulsivity in the relationship between depression and alcohol problems among emerging adult college drinkers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19(4), 303–313.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, B. F., Dawson, D. A., Stinson, F. S., Chou, S., Dufour, M. C., & Pickering, R. P. (2004). The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1991–1992 and 2001–2002. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 74(3), 223–234.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield, T. K., Midanik, L. T., & Rogers, J. D. (2000). A 10-year national trend study of alcohol consumption, 1984–1995: is the period of declining drinking over? American Journal of Public Health, 90, 47–52.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Halim, A., Hasking, P., & Allen, F. (2012). The role of social drinking motives in the relationship between social norms and alcohol consumption. Addictive Behaviors, 37(12), 1335–1341.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, L. S., & Hope, D. A. (2003). College students and problematic drinking: a review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 719–759.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, L. S., Bonin, M., & Hope, D. A. (2007). The role of drinking motives in social anxiety and alcohol use. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(8), 991–1003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, B. L., Zamboanga, A. K., Bacon, T. A., & Garcia, T. A. (2009). Drinking motives as mediators of social anxiety and hazardous drinking among college students. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38(3), 133–145.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hertzog, C., Van Alstine, J., Usala, P. D., Hultsch, D. F., & Dixon, R. (1990). Measurement properties of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in older populations. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2(1), 64–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, R. L. (1976). Experimental investigations of tension reduction models of alcoholism. In G. Goldstein & C. Neuringer (Eds.), Empirical studies of alcoholism (pp. 37–74). Cambridge: Ballinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, R. L., & Marlatt, G. A. (1975). Fear of interpersonal evaluation as a determinant of alcohol consumption in male social drinkers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 644–651.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hingson, R., Heeren, T., Winter, M., & Wechsler, H. (2005). Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18–24: changes from 1998 to 2001. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 259–279.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Husaini, B. A., Neff, J., Harrington, J. B., Hughes, M. D., & Stone, R. H. (1980). Depression in rural communities: validating the CES-D scale. Journal of Community Psychology, 8(1), 20–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husky, M. M., Mazure, C. M., Paliwal, P., & McKee, S. A. (2008). Gender differences in the comorbidity of smoking behavior and major depression. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 93(1/2), 176–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussong, A. M. (2007). Predictors of drinking immediacy following daily sadness: an application of survival analysis to experience sampling data. Addictive Behaviors, 32(5), 1054–1065.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2006). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2005. Volume II: College students and adults ages 19–45. Bethesda: National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIH Publication No. 06–5884.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2012). Monitoring the future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2011. Bethesda: National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIH Publication No. 12–5882.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, B. T., Corbin, W., & Fromme, K. (2001). A review of expectancy theory and alcohol consumption. Addiction, 96, 57–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kassel, S. I., Jackson, M., & Unrod, M. (2000). Generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation and problem drinking among college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61(2), 332–340.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaysen, D., Neighbors, C., Martell, J., Fossos, N., & Larimer, M. E. (2006). Incapacitated rape and alcohol use: a prospective analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 31(10), 1820–1832.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kidorf, M., & Lange, A. R. (1999). Effects of social anxiety and alcohol expectancies on stress-induced drinking. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 13, 134–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Newton, T. L. (2001). Marriage and health: his and hers. Psychological Bulletin, 127(4), 472–503.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kivlahan, D. R., Marlatt, G. A., Fromme, K., Coppel, D. B., & Williams, E. (1990). Secondary prevention with college drinkers: evaluation of an alcohol skills training program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 805–810.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korcuska, J. S., & Thombs, D. L. (2003). Gender role conflict and sex-specific drinking norms: relationships to alcohol use in undergraduate women and men. Journal of College Student Development, 44(2), 204–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuntsche, E., Knibbe, R., Gmel, G., & Engels, R. (2005). Why do young people drink? A review of drinking motives. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(7), 841–861.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuntsche, E., Knibbe, R., Engels, R., & Gmel, G. (2007). Bullying and fighting among adolescents - do drinking motives and alcohol use matter? Addictive Behaviors, 32(12), 3131–3135.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labouvie, E., & Bates, M. E. (2002). Reasons for alcohol use in young adulthood: validation of a three-dimensional measure. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 145–155.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaBrie, J. W., Hummer, J. F., & Pedersen, E. R. (2007). Reasons for drinking in the college student context: the differential role and risk of the social motivator. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68(3), 393–398.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • LaBrie, J. W., Ehret, P. J., Hummer, J. F., & Prenovost, K. (2012). Poor adjustment to college life mediates the relationship between drinking motives and alcohol consequences: a look at college adjustment, drinking motives, and drinking outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 37(4), 379–386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. M., Geisner, I., Lewis, M. A., Neighbors, C., & Larimer, M. E. (2007). Social motives and the interaction between descriptive and injunctive norms in college student drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68(5), 714–721.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. A., Phillippi, J., & Neighbors, C. (2007). Morally based self-esteem, drinking motives, and alcohol use among college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(3), 398–403.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacLean, M. G., & Lecci, L. (2000). A comparison of models of drinking motives in a university sample. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14, 83–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marlatt, G., Baer, J. S., & Larimer, M. (1995). Preventing alcohol abuse in college students: A harm-reduction approach. In G. M. Boyd, J. Howard, & R. A. Zucker (Eds.), Alcohol problems among adolescents: Current directions in prevention research (pp. 147–172). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martens, M. P., Neighbors, C., Lewis, M. A., Lee, C. M., Oster-Aaland, L., & Larimer, M. E. (2008). The roles of negative affect and coping motives in the relationship between alcohol use and alcohol-related problems among college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(3), 412–419.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Merrill, J. E., & Read, J. P. (2010). Motivational pathways to unique types of alcohol consequences. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(4), 705–711.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nagoshi, C. T. (1999). Perceived control of drinking and other predictors of alcohol use and problems in a college student sample. Addiction Research, 7, 291–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neighbors, C., Lee, C. M., Lewis, M. A., Fossos, N., & Larimer, M. E. (2007). Are social norms the best predictor of outcomes among heavy-drinking college students? Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68, 556–565.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, H. T., Kitner-Triolo, M., Evans, M. K., & Zonderman, A. B. (2004). Factorial invariance of the CES-D in low socioeconomic status African Americans compared with a nationally representative sample. Psychiatry Research, 126(2), 177–187.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NIAAA. (2007). What colleges need to know now: An update on college drinking research. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health, DHHS. NIH publication no. 07–5010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L., & Grant, C. (2005). Determinants of positive and negative consequences of alcohol consumption in college students: alcohol use, gender, and psychological characteristics. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 755–765.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patock-Peckham, J. A., Hutchinson, G. T., Cheong, J., & Nagoshi, C. T. (1998). Effect of religion and religiosity on alcohol use in a college student sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 49, 81–88.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedrelli, P., Farabaugh, A. H., Zisook, S., Tucker, D., Rooney, K., Katz, J., et al. (2011). Gender, depressive symptoms and patterns of alcohol use among college students. Psychopathology, 44(1), 27–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, H. (2002). Social norms and the prevention of alcohol misuse in collegiate contexts. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 14, 164–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piccinelli, M., & Wilkinson, G. (2000). Gender differences in depression. Critical review. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 486–492.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, T. E., & Palfai, T. P. (2012). Depressive symptoms and the implicit evaluation of alcohol: the moderating role of coping motives. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 122(1/2), 149–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randolph, M., Torres, H., Gore-Felton, C., Lloyd, B., & McGarvey, E. (2009). Alcohol use and sexual risk behavior among college students: understanding gender and ethnic differences. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 35(2), 80–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Read, J. P., Wood, M. D., Kahler, C. W., Maddock, J. E., & Palfai, T. P. (2003). Examining the role of drinking motives in college student alcohol use and problems. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 13–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, K. G., & Van Arsdale, A. C. (2010). Perfectionism, perceived stress, drinking to cope, and alcohol-related problems among college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(4), 439–450. doi:10.1037/a0020221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sher, K. J., Wood, M. D., Wood, P. K., & Raskin, G. (1996). Raskin alcohol outcome expectancies and alcohol use: a latent variable cross-lagged panel study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(4), 561–574.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, J. S., Gaher, R. M., Correia, C. J., Hansen, C. L., & Christopher, M. S. (2005). An affective-motivational model of marijuana and alcohol problems among college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19, 326–334.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, S. H., & Devine, H. (2000). Relations between personality and drinking motives in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 495–511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, S. H., Loughlin, H. L., & Rhyno, E. (2001). Internal drinking motives mediate personality domain-drinking relations in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 271–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) (2009). Results from the 2008. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from website: http://oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh/2k8nsduh/2k8Results.cfm.

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Office of Communications and Public Liaison (2009). Autism Fact Sheet (NIH Publication No. 09–1877).

  • Waelde, L. C., Silvern, L., & Hodges, W. F. (1994). Stressful life events: moderators of the relationships of gender and gender roles to self-reported depression and suicidality among college students. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 30(1–2), 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagoner, K. G., Blocker, J., McCoy, T. P., Sutfin, E. L., Champion, H., & Wolfson, M. (2012). Free alcohol use and consequences: gender differences among undergraduates. American Journal of Health Behavior, 36(4), 446–458.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, H., Kuo, M., Lee, H., & Dowdall, G. W. (2000a). Environmental correlates of underage alcohol use and related problems of college students. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 19(1), 24–29.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, H., Lee, J. E., Nelson, T. F., & Kuo, M. (2000b). Underage college students’ drinking behavior, access to alcohol, and the influence of deterrence policies: findings from the Harvard School of Public Health college alcohol study. Journal of American College Health, 50(5), 223–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, H., Lee, J. E., Kuo, M., Seibring, M., Nelson, T., & Lee, H. (2002). Trends in college binge drinking during a period of increased prevention efforts: findings from four Harvard School of Public Health college alcohol study surveys 1993–2001. The Journal of American College Health, 50, 203–222.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, H. R., & Labouvie, E. W. (1989). Towards the assessment of adolescent problem drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 50, 30–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, Y. (2000). Measurement properties of the Center for Epidemiologic studies—depression scale in a homeless population. Psychological Assessment, 12(1), 69–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to sincerely thank our research assistant, Ankita Pai, for assisting with data collection, conducting literature reviews, and proofreading/editing the manuscript.

Role of Funding Sources

This research was not supported by any grant.

Contributors

Dawn Foster designed the study, wrote the protocol, conducted literature searches, provided summaries of previous research studies, conducted the statistical analysis, and supported the writing of the manuscript. Chelsie Young, Mai-Ly Nguyen, Michelle Quist, and Jennifer Bryan contributed by writing initial drafts of the manuscript. Clayton Neighbors contributed by providing conceptual and theoretical support and providing feedback to drafts of the manuscript. All authors contributed to and have approved the final manuscript.

Conflict of Interest

All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Global Health and Population Science, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Dawn W. Foster

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, USA

    Chelsie M. Young, Mai-Ly N. Steers, Michelle C. Quist, Jennifer L. Bryan & Clayton Neighbors

Authors
  1. Dawn W. Foster
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chelsie M. Young
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mai-Ly N. Steers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Michelle C. Quist
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jennifer L. Bryan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Clayton Neighbors
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dawn W. Foster.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Foster, D.W., Young, C.M., Steers, ML.N. et al. Tears in Your Beer: Gender Differences in Coping Drinking Motives, Depressive Symptoms and Drinking. Int J Ment Health Addiction 12, 730–746 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-014-9504-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-014-9504-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation