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Sulfur deposition simulations over China, Japan, and Korea: a model intercomparison study for abating sulfur emission

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Abstract

In response to increasing trends in sulfur deposition in Northeast Asia, three countries in the region (China, Japan, and Korea) agreed to devise abatement strategies. The concepts of critical loads and source–receptor (S–R) relationships provide guidance for formulating such strategies. Based on the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollutants in Northeast Asia (LTP) project, this study analyzes sulfur deposition data in order to optimize acidic loads over the three countries. The three groups involved in this study carried out a full year (2002) of sulfur deposition modeling over the geographic region spanning the three countries, using three air quality models: MM5-CMAQ, MM5-RAQM, and RAMS-CADM, employed by Chinese, Japanese, and Korean modeling groups, respectively. Each model employed its own meteorological numerical model and model parameters. Only the emission rates for SO2 and NOx obtained from the LTP project were the common parameter used in the three models. Three models revealed some bias from dry to wet deposition, particularly the latter because of the bias in annual precipitation. This finding points to the need for further sensitivity tests of the wet removal rates in association with underlying cloud–precipitation physics and parameterizations. Despite this bias, the annual total (dry plus wet) sulfur deposition predicted by the models were surprisingly very similar. The ensemble average annual total deposition was 7,203.6 ± 370 kt S with a minimal mean fractional error (MFE) of 8.95 ± 5.24 % and a pattern correlation (PC) of 0.89–0.93 between the models. This exercise revealed that despite rather poor error scores in comparison with observations, these consistent total deposition values across the three models, based on LTP group's input data assumptions, suggest a plausible S–R relationship that can be applied to the next task of designing cost-effective emission abatement strategies.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge members of modeling subworking group of LTP Project organized by Korea, China, and Japan for LTP discussions. Also authors thank the researchers from the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER, South Korea), Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES, China), and Asia Center for Air Pollution Research (ACAP, Japan) for both carrying out the models and providing the measurements for model verification. The authors thank Joon K. Kim at Colorado State University for assistance with the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea

    Cheol-Hee Kim, Hye-Young Son & Jong-Jae Lee

  2. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon, 404-170, South Korea

    Lim-Seok Chang, Jeong-Soo Kim, Suk-Jo Lee, Chang-Keun Song & Soo-Jin Ban

  3. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Beijing, 100012, China

    Fan Meng, Youjiang He & Jun Xu

  4. Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, 305-0052, Japan

    Mizuo Kajino

  5. Toyohashi Institute of Technology, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan

    Hiromasa Ueda

  6. College of Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

    Yuanhang Zhang

  7. Asia Center for Air Pollution Research (ACAP), Niigata, 950-2144, Japan

    Keiichi Sato

  8. Japan NUS Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 108-0022, Japan

    Tatsuya Sakurai

  9. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Zhiwei Han

  10. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Lei Duan

  11. Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791, South Korea

    Shang-Gyoo Shim

  12. Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Kunkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea

    Young Sunwoo

  13. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea

    Tae-Young Lee

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  1. Cheol-Hee Kim
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  2. Lim-Seok Chang
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  3. Fan Meng
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  9. Youjiang He
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  11. Keiichi Sato
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  12. Tatsuya Sakurai
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  13. Zhiwei Han
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  15. Jeong-Soo Kim
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  17. Chang-Keun Song
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  18. Soo-Jin Ban
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  19. Shang-Gyoo Shim
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  20. Young Sunwoo
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  21. Tae-Young Lee
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Correspondence to Cheol-Hee Kim.

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Responsible editor: Michael Matthies

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Kim, CH., Chang, LS., Meng, F. et al. Sulfur deposition simulations over China, Japan, and Korea: a model intercomparison study for abating sulfur emission. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19, 4073–4089 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1071-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1071-1

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