Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of Cold Working on Crack Growth from Holes in Fiber Metal Laminates

  • Published:
Experimental Mechanics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cold expansion has proven to be an effective technique for extending the fatigue life of monolithic materials. Although fiber metal laminate materials show improved fatigue performance compared to their monolithic counterparts, the nucleation and growth of small cracks tends to occur early on in the fatigue life of the material, making acceptance of fiber metal laminates in aerospace more difficult. This work examined whether cold expansion could delay this process in fiber metal laminates and increase the fatigue life of these materials at the same time. The results showed that significant differences existed in the residual strain field between the mandrel exit and entry faces resulting in slower fatigue crack growth on the exit face, which also had higher residual strains in the region surrounding the cold expanded hole. Overall, cold expansion is effective at increasing the fatigue life of fiber metal laminate materials, but is less effective at delaying nucleation and growth of small cracks on the entry face.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Vlot A, Alderliesten R, Hooijmeijer P, de Kanter J, Sinke J, Ypma M (2002) Fibre metal laminates: a state of the art. Int J Mater Prod Technol 17:79–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Wu G, Yang J (2005) The mechanical behavior of GLARE laminates for aircraft structures. J Miner Met Mater Soc 57:72–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Alderliesten R, Homan J (2006) Fatigue and damage tolerance issues of glare in aircraft structures. Int J Fatig 28:1116–1123

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Homan J (2006) Fatigue initiation in fibre metal laminates. Int J Fatig 28:366–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Champoux R (1986) An overview of cold expansion methods. Engineering Materials Advisory Services Ltd., Warrington, pp 35–52

    Google Scholar 

  6. Poolsuk S, Sharpe W (1978) Measurement of the elastic-plastic boundary around cold worked fastener holes. J Appl Mech 45:515–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Chandawanich N, Sharpe WN (1979) An experimental study of fatigue crack initiation and growth from coldworked holes. Eng Fract Mech 11:609–620

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Cloud G (1980) Measurement of strain fields near coldworked holes. Exp Mech 20:9–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Lai MO, Oh JT, Nee YC (1993) Fatigue properties of holes with residual stresses. Eng Fract Mech 45:551–557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Lai MO, Siew YH (1995) Fatigue properties of cold worked holes. J Mater Process Technol 48:533–540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Leon A (1998) Benefits of split mandrel coldworking. Int J Fatig 20:1–8

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. de Matos P, Moreira P, Pina J, Dias A, de Castro P (2004) Residual stress effect on fatigue striation spacing in a cold-worked rivet hole. Theor Appl Fract Mech 42:139–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Lacarac V, Smith D, Pavier M (2004) Residual stress creep relaxation around cold expanded holes in an aluminium alloy. AIAA J 42:1444–1449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Link R, Sanford R (1990) Residual strains surrounding split sleeve cold expanded holes in 7075-T651 aluminium. J Aircr 27:599–604

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ball D, Lowry D (1998) Experimental investigation on the effects of cold expansion of fastener holes. Fatig Fract Eng Mater Struct 21:17–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Rans C, Alderliesten R, Straznicky P (2006) Residual stress in GLARE laminates due to the cold expansion process. CANCOM, Vancouver, pp 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  17. van der Kuip EMAH (2002) Fatigue crack initiation and crack growth in GLARE With Coldworked Holes. MSc Thesis, Delft University of Technology

  18. Backman D, Patterson EA (2008) Measuring residual strains in aluminum and fiber metal laminate materials during cold expansion and riveting. Society for Experimental Mechanics - 11th International Congress and Exhibition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics 1:217–223

  19. Backman D, Patterson EA (2009) Fatigue life enhancement of fiber metal laminate materials as a result of hole cold expansion. Proceedings of the SEM Annual Conference and Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Albuquerque, NM

  20. Kratz J, Djokic D, Laliberte J, Mahendran M (2007) Fiber metal laminate panel manufacturing. NRC Internal Report LM-SMPL-2007-0102

  21. Backman D, Patterson EA, Cowal C (2010) Analysis of the effects of cold expansion of holes using thermoelasticity and image correlation. Fatig Fract Eng Mater Struct 1–12

  22. Vlot A, Gunnink JW (2001) Fibre metal laminates: an introduction. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Delft

    Book  Google Scholar 

  23. Alderliesten RC, Homan JJ (2003) Fatigue crack growth behaviour of surface cracks in GLARE. Fatigue Damage of Materials (Advances in Damage Mechanics Vol. 5), Toronto, p213–222

  24. O'Brien E (2000) Beneficial residual stress from the cold expansion of large holes in thick light alloy plate. J Strain Anal 35:261–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Smith D, Poussard C, Pavier M (1998) An assessment of the sachs method for measuring residual stresses in cold worked fastener holes. J Strain Anal 33:263–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ozdemir A, Edwards L (1997) Relaxation of residual stresses at cold-worked fastener holes due to fatigue loading. Fatig Fract Eng Mater Struct 20:1443–1451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Ball D (1995) Elastic-plastic stress analysis of cold expanded fastener holes. Fatig Fract Eng Mater Struct 18:47–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Pina J, Dias A, de Matos P, Moreira P, de Castro P (2004) Residual stress analysis near a cold expanded hole in a textured alclad sheet using x-ray diffraction. Exp Mech 45:83–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Stefanescu D, Santiseban J, Edwards L, Fitzpatrick M (2004) Residual stress measurement and fatigue crack growth prediction after cold expansion of cracked fastener holes. Journal of Aerospace Engineering 91–97.

  30. Schellekens J, de Borst R (1990) The use of the Hoffman yield criterion in finite element analysis of anisotropic composites. Comput Struct 37:1087–1096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. O'Brien E (1997) Cold expansion of large holes in thick 7010 light alloy aircraft material - strains in the time domain. PhD Thesis, The University of Sheffield

Download references

Acknowledgements

The support of the National Research Council’s New Initiative Fund is gratefully acknowledged along with the technical assistance of Stephan Cloutier, Richard Desnoyers, Richard Bos, Thomas Sears and Francesco Sorensen.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Research Council Canada, Institute for Aerospace Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    D. Backman

  2. School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

    E. A. Patterson

Authors
  1. D. Backman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. A. Patterson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. Backman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Backman, D., Patterson, E.A. Effect of Cold Working on Crack Growth from Holes in Fiber Metal Laminates. Exp Mech 52, 1033–1045 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-011-9553-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-011-9553-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation