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Occurrence of Tylosin-Resistant Enterococci in Swine Manure and Tile Drainage Systems under No-Till Management

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Abstract

The sub-therapeutic use of tylosin in commercial swine operations can produce selective pressure for the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. When swine manure from such operations is applied on drained agricultural fields, it can lead to transport and dissemination of resistant microorganisms through soils, into tile drainage lines, and ultimately into surface waters. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence and transport of tylosin-resistant enterococci from two different tile-drained agricultural fields receiving biennial swine-waste applications during different seasons. Resistance to tylosin in manure, soil, and tile water was investigated by a phenotype-based method and polymerase chain reaction. All enterococci in manure samples obtained from the spring application were resistant to tylosin, whereas 68 % of the total enterococci from the fall application were resistant to tylosin. Average concentrations of total and tylosin-resistant enterococci in soil samples over the two sampling periods were 9.8 × 103 and 7.5 × 103 cfu/g of soil, respectively. Total and tylosin-resistant enterococci concentrations in tile water collected from the two plots were significantly different (P < 0.05) during the spring and fall experiments. In drainage water, the total enterococci peaked at 2.6 × 103 and 5.0 × 103 cfu/100 mL for the fall and spring experiments, respectively, while tylosin-resistant enterococci peaked at 1.4 × 103 and 1.2 × 103 cfu/100 mL for the fall and spring experiments, respectively. Total suspended solid concentrations in tile water were correlated with enterococci concentrations when base flow was present. Seven out of eight macrolide-resistance genes tested were detected (ermA, ermB, ermC, ermF, ermT, ermX, and msrA, but not mefA). Five of these genes (ermB, ermC, ermF, ermT, and msrA) were detected in at least 9 % of the samples. On average, most of the phenotypically resistant isolates (97 %) harbored msrA, while only 10 % contained ermT and 9 % contained ermC. Genes containing ermF and ermB were detected in 78 % and 69 % of resistant isolates, respectively. Only 2 % of the total isolates (n = 4) harbored all five genes. Of the isolates collected from manure, soil, and water samples, 12 % were confirmed as Enterococcus faecalis with 96 % of the confirmed E. faecalis isolates containing multiple resistance genes. The findings from this study are useful to provide baseline information on the export of total and tylosin-resistant enterococci during rainfall events from manured, tile-drained agricultural fields of the Upper Midwestern USA.

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Acknowledgments

This research was partially supported by Iowa State University and through a multi-university USDA-NRI grant on the Role of Directly Connected Macropores in Pathogen Transport to Subsurface Drainage and Iowa State University. We thank Dr. Kanwar and his research group for allowing us to collect samples during their experiments and Dr. Thomas Moorman and Dr. Laura Jarboe for their support and contribution to our study. Special thanks to Christina Goeddel, Pramod Pandey, and Martha Zwonitzer for assistance with field experiments, sample collection, and sample analysis.

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  1. Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-3310, USA

    Trang T. T. Hoang & Michelle L. Soupir

  2. Department of Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

    Ping Liu

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 61506, USA

    Alok Bhandari

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  1. Trang T. T. Hoang
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Correspondence to Michelle L. Soupir.

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Hoang, T.T.T., Soupir, M.L., Liu, P. et al. Occurrence of Tylosin-Resistant Enterococci in Swine Manure and Tile Drainage Systems under No-Till Management. Water Air Soil Pollut 224, 1754 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1754-3

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