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Extreme Space Weather Events: From Cradle to Grave

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Abstract

Extreme space weather events, while rare, can have a substantial impact on our technologically-dependent society. And, although such events have only occasionally been observed, through careful analysis of a wealth of space-based and ground-based observations, historical records, and extrapolations from more moderate events, we have developed a basic picture of the components required to produce them. Several key issues, however, remain unresolved. For example, what limits are imposed on the maximum size of such events? What are the likely societal consequences of a so-called “100-year” solar storm? In this review, we summarize our current scientific understanding about extreme space weather events as we follow several examples from the Sun, through the solar corona and inner heliosphere, across the magnetospheric boundary, into the ionosphere and atmosphere, into the Earth’s lithosphere, and, finally, its impact on man-made structures and activities, such as spacecraft, GPS signals, radio communication, and the electric power grid. We describe preliminary attempts to provide probabilistic forecasts of extreme space weather phenomena, and we conclude by identifying several key areas that must be addressed if we are better able to understand, and, ultimately, predict extreme space weather events.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) for their gracious hospitality while hosting our team for a workshop on space weather. PR would also like to acknowledge support from NASA’s Living with a Star program. Finally, we would like to extend our sincerest thanks to a reviewer who provided extremely detailed and constructive comments on a draft of the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Predictive Science Inc., 9990 Mesa Rim Rd., Suite 170, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA

    Pete Riley

  2. LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

    Dan Baker

  3. State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China

    Ying D. Liu

  4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Ying D. Liu

  5. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland

    Pekka Verronen

  6. NOAA, Space Weather Prediction Center, Boulder, CO, USA

    Howard Singer

  7. Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Türkenschanzstrasse 17., 1180, Vienna, Austria

    Manuel Güdel

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  1. Pete Riley
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  2. Dan Baker
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  3. Ying D. Liu
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  4. Pekka Verronen
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Correspondence to Pete Riley.

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Riley, P., Baker, D., Liu, Y.D. et al. Extreme Space Weather Events: From Cradle to Grave. Space Sci Rev 214, 21 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0456-3

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