Abstract
The MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft, launched on August 3, 2004, is nearing the halfway point on its voyage to become the first probe to orbit the planet Mercury. The mission, spacecraft, and payload are designed to answer six fundamental questions regarding the innermost planet: (1) What planetary formational processes led to Mercury’s high ratio of metal to silicate? (2) What is the geological history of Mercury? (3) What are the nature and origin of Mercury’s magnetic field? (4) What are the structure and state of Mercury’s core? (5) What are the radar-reflective materials at Mercury’s poles? (6) What are the important volatile species and their sources and sinks near Mercury? The mission has focused to date on commissioning the spacecraft and science payload as well as planning for flyby and orbital operations. The second Venus flyby (June 2007) will complete final rehearsals for the Mercury flyby operations in January and October 2008 and September 2009. Those flybys will provide opportunities to image the hemisphere of the planet not seen by Mariner 10, obtain high-resolution spectral observations with which to map surface mineralogy and assay the exosphere, and carry out an exploration of the magnetic field and energetic particle distribution in the near-Mercury environment. The orbital phase, beginning on March 18, 2011, is a one-year-long, near-polar-orbital observational campaign that will address all mission goals. The orbital phase will complete global imaging, yield detailed surface compositional and topographic data over the northern hemisphere, determine the geometry of Mercury’s internal magnetic field and magnetosphere, ascertain the radius and physical state of Mercury’s outer core, assess the nature of Mercury’s polar deposits, and inventory exospheric neutrals and magnetospheric charged particle species over a range of dynamic conditions. Answering the questions that have guided the MESSENGER mission will expand our understanding of the formation and evolution of the terrestrial planets as a family.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M.H. Acuña et al., Science 284, 790–793 (1999)
O. Aharonson, M.T. Zuber, S.C. Solomon, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 218, 261–268 (2004)
B.J. Anderson et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2007, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9246-7
J.D. Anderson, G. Colombo, P.B. Esposito, E.L. Lau, G.B. Trager, Icarus 71, 337–349 (1987)
G.B. Andrews et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2007, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9272-5
A. Anselmi, G.E.N. Scoon, Planet. Space Sci. 49, 1409–1420 (2001)
D.N. Baker, J.A. Simpson, J.H. Eraker, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 8742–8748 (1986)
N.G. Barlow, R.A. Allen, F. Vilas, Icarus 141, 194–204 (1999)
J. Baumgardner, M. Mendillo, J.K. Wilson, Astron. J. 119, 2458–2464 (2000)
J.W. Belcher et al., Technical Memorandum 4255, NASA, Washington, DC, 1991, 132 pp
W. Benz, W.L. Slattery, A.G.W. Cameron, Icarus 74, 516–528 (1988)
T.A. Bida, R.M. Killen, T.H. Morgan, Nature 404, 159–161 (2000)
B.G. Bills, Lunar Planet. Sci. 33 (2002), abstract 1599
D.T. Blewett, P.G. Lucey, B.R. Hawke, G.G. Ling, M.S. Robinson, Icarus 129, 217–231 (1997)
D.T. Blewett, B.R. Hawke, P.G. Lucey, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 37, 1245–1254 (2002)
D.T. Blewett, B.R. Hawke, P.G. Lucey, M.S. Robinson, J. Geophys. Res. 112, E02005 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006JE002713
W.V. Boynton et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2007). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9258-3
A.L. Broadfoot, S. Kumar, M.J.S. Belton, M.B. McElroy, Science 185, 166–169 (1974)
A.L. Broadfoot, D.E. Shemansky, S. Kumar, Geophys. Res. Lett. 3, 577–580 (1976)
T.H. Burbine, T.J. McCoy, L.R. Nittler, G.K. Benedix, E.A. Cloutis, T.L. Dickinson, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 37, 1233–1244 (2002)
A.G.W. Cameron, Icarus 64, 285–294 (1985)
J.F. Cavanaugh et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2007, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9273-4
S.C. Chase, E.D. Miner, D. Morrison, G. Münch, G. Neugebauer, M. Schroeder, Science 185, 142–145 (1974)
A.F. Cheng, R.E. Johnson, S.M. Krimigis, L.J. Lanzerotti, Icarus 71, 430–440 (1987)
U.R. Christensen, Nature 444, 1056–1058 (2006)
S.P. Christon, Icarus 71, 448–471 (1987)
P.E. Clark, S. Curtis, B. Giles, G. Marr, C. Eyerman, D. Winterhalter, Lunar Planet. Sci. 30 (1999), abstract 1036
COMPLEX, Strategy for Exploration of the Inner Planets: 1977–1987 (Committee on Lunar and Planetary Exploration, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 1978), 97 pp
COMPLEX, 1990 Update to Strategy for Exploration of the Inner Planets (Committee on Lunar and Planetary Exploration, National Academy Press, Washington, 1990), 47 pp
J.E.P. Connerney, N.F. Ness, in Mercury, ed. by F. Vilas, C.R. Chapman, M.S. Matthews (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1988), pp. 494–513
A.C. Cook, M.S. Robinson, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 9429–9443 (2000)
R.F. Dantowitz, S.W. Teare, M.J. Kozubal, Astron. J. 119, 2455–2457 (2000)
D.L. Domingue et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2007, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9260-9
J.H. Eraker, J.A. Simpson, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 9973–9993 (1986)
B. Fegley Jr., A.G.W. Cameron, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 207–222 (1987)
W.C. Feldman, B.L. Barraclough, C.J. Hansen, A.L. Sprague, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 25565–25574 (1997)
G. Giampieri, A. Balogh, Planet. Space Sci. 50, 757–762 (2002)
R.E. Gold et al., Planet. Space Sci 49, 1467–1479 (2001)
J.O. Goldsten et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2007, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9262-7
R. Grard, M. Novara, G. Scoon, ESA Bull. 103, 11–19 (2000)
H. Harder, G. Schubert, Icarus 151, 118–122 (2001)
J.K. Harmon, Adv. Space Res. 19, 1487–1496 (1997)
J.K. Harmon, Lunar Planet. Sci. 33 (2002), abstract 1858
J.K. Harmon, M.A. Slade, Science 258, 640–642 (1992)
J.K. Harmon, P.J. Perillat, M.A. Slade, Icarus 149, 1–15 (2001)
J.K. Harmon, M.A. Slade, B.J. Butler, J.W. Head, III, M.S. Rice, D.B. Campbell, Icarus 187, 374–405 (2007)
S.A. Hauck, II, A.J. Dombard, R.J. Phillips, S.C. Solomon, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 222, 713–728 (2004)
S.E. Hawkins, III et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2007, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9266-3
H. Hayakawa, Y. Kasaba, H. Yamakawa, H. Ogawa, T. Mukai, Adv. Space Res. 33, 2142–2146 (2004)
J.W. Head et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2007, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9263-6
M.H. Heimpel, J.M. Aurnou, F.M. Al-Shamali, N. Gomez Perez, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 236, 542–557 (2005)
M.E. Holdridge, A.B. Calloway, Space Sci. Rev. (2007, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9261-8
I.V. Holin, Lunar Planet. Sci. 33 (2002), abstract 1387
L.L. Hood, G. Schubert, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 2641–2647 (1979)
D.M. Hunten, A.L. Sprague, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 37, 1191–1195 (2002)
D.M. Hunten, T.H. Morgan, D.E. Shemansky, in Mercury, ed. by F. Vilas, C.R. Chapman, M.S. Matthews (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1988), pp. 562–612
P. Janhunen, E. Kallio, Ann. Geophys. 22, 1829–1830 (2004)
R. Jeanloz, D.L. Mitchell, A.L. Sprague, I. de Pater, Science 268, 1455–1457 (1995)
R.M. Killen, J. Benkhoff, T.H. Morgan, Icarus 125, 195–211 (1997)
R.M. Killen, A. Potter, A. Fitzsimmons, T.H. Morgan, Planet. Space Sci. 47, 1449–1458 (1999)
R.M. Killen et al., J. Geophys. Res. 106, 20509–20525 (2001)
G. Kletetschka, P. Wasilewski, P.T. Taylor, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 35, 895–899 (2000)
S.J. Kortenkamp, E. Kokubo, S.J. Weidenschilling, in Origin of the Earth and Moon, ed. by R.M. Canup, K. Righter (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2000), pp. 85–100
H. Korth et al., Planet. Space Sci. 52, 733–746 (2004)
L. Ksanfomality, A.L. Sprague, Icarus 188, 271–287 (2007)
L. Ksanfomality, G. Papamastorakis, N. Thomas, Planet. Space Sci. 53, 849–859 (2005)
J.C. Leary et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2007, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9269-0
F. Leblanc, R.E. Johnson, Icarus 164, 261–281 (2003)
V. Lesur, A. Jackson, Geophys. J. Int. 140, 453–459 (2000)
J.S. Lewis, in Mercury, ed. by F. Vilas, C.R. Chapman, M.S. Matthews (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1988), pp. 651–669
J.L. Margot, S.J. Peale, R.F. Jurgens, M.A. Slade, I.V. Holin, Science 316, 710–714 (2007)
J.V. McAdams, R.W. Farquhar, A.H. Taylor, B.G. Williams, Space Sci. Rev. (2007, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9162-x
W.E. McClintock, M.R. Lankton, Space Sci. Rev. (2007, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9264-5
R.L. McNutt Jr., S.C. Solomon, R. Grard, M. Novara, T. Mukai, Adv. Space Res. 33, 2126–2132 (2004)
R.L. McNutt Jr., S.C. Solomon, R.E. Gold, J.C. Leary, the MESSENGER Team, Adv. Space Res. 38, 564–571 (2006)
M. Mendillo, J. Warell, S.S. Limaye, J. Baumgardner, A. Sprague, J.K. Wilson, Planet. Space Sci. 49, 1501–1505 (2001)
S.M. Milkovich, J.W. Head, L. Wilson, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 37, 1209–1222 (2002)
J.I. Moses, K. Rawlins, K. Zahnle, L. Dones, Icarus 137, 197–221 (1999)
B.C. Murray, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 2342–2344 (1975)
V.R. Murthy, W. van Westrenen, Y. Fei, Nature 423, 163–165 (2003)
R.M. Nelson, L.J. Horn, J.R. Weiss, W.D. Smythe, Lunar Planet. Sci. 25, 985–986 (1994)
N.F. Ness, K.W. Behannon, R.P. Lepping, Y.C. Whang, K.H. Schatten, Science 185, 151–160 (1974)
N.F. Ness, K.W. Behannon, R.P. Lepping, Y.C. Whang, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 2708–2716 (1975)
N.F. Ness, K.W. Behannon, R.P. Lepping, Y.C. Whang, Icarus 28, 479–488 (1976)
G. Neukum et al., Mercury polar orbiter, A proposal to the European Space Agency in response to a call for new mission proposals issued on 10 July 1985, Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Wessling, Germany, 1985, 33 pp
G. Neukum, J. Oberst, H. Hoffmann, R. Wagner, B.A. Ivanov, Planet. Space Sci. 49, 1507–1521 (2001)
F. Nimmo, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 1063 (2002). doi:10.1029/2001GL013883
F. Nimmo, T.R. Watters, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L02701 (2004). doi:10.1029/2003GL018847
K.W. Ogilvie et al., Science 185, 145–151 (1974). doi:10.1029/2003GL018847
D.A. Paige, S.E. Wood, A.R. Vasavada, Science 258, 643–646 (1992)
S.J. Peale, in Mercury, ed. by F. Vilas, C.R. Chapman, M.S. Matthews (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1988), pp. 461–493
S.J. Peale, R.J. Phillips, S.C. Solomon, D.E. Smith, M.T. Zuber, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 37, 1269–1283 (2002)
A.E. Potter, T.H. Morgan, Science 229, 651–653 (1985)
A.E. Potter, T.H. Morgan, Icarus 67, 336–340 (1986)
A.E. Potter, R.M. Killen, T.H. Morgan, Planet. Space Sci. 47, 1441–1448 (1999)
A.E. Potter, R.M. Killen, T.H. Morgan, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 37, 1165–1172 (2002a)
A.E. Potter, C.M. Anderson, R.M. Killen, T.H. Morgan, J. Geophys. Res. 107, 5040 (2002b). doi:10.1029/2000JE001493
M.S. Robinson, P.G. Lucey, Science 275, 197–198 (1997)
M.S. Robinson, G.J. Taylor, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 36, 841–847 (2001)
M.S. Robinson, M.E. Davies, T.R. Colvin, K. Edwards, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 30847–30852 (1999)
S.K. Runcorn, Nature 253, 701–703 (1975)
A.G. Santo et al., Planet. Space Sci. 49, 1481–1500 (2001)
C.E. Schlemm II, et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2007, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9248-5
G. Schubert, M.N. Ross, D.J. Stevenson, T. Spohn, in Mercury, ed. by F. Vilas, C.R. Chapman, M.S. Matthews (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1988), pp. 429–460
R. Schulz, J. Benkhoff, Adv. Space Res. 38, 572–577 (2006)
R.W. Siegfried, II, S.C. Solomon, Icarus 23, 192–205 (1974)
J.A. Simpson, J.H. Eraker, J.E. Lamport, P.H. Walpole, Science 185, 160–166 (1974)
G. Siscoe, L. Christopher, Geophys. Res. Lett. 2, 158–160 (1975)
M.A. Slade, B.J. Butler, D.O. Muhleman, Science 258, 635–640 (1992)
M.A. Slade, R.F. Jurgens, J.-L. Margot, E.M. Standish, in Mercury: Space Environment, Surface, and Interior (Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, 2001), pp. 88–89
J.A. Slavin, Adv. Space Res. 33, 1859–1874 (2004)
J.A. Slavin et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2007, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9154-x
D.E. Smith, M.T. Zuber, S.J. Peale, R.J. Phillips, S.C. Solomon, in Mercury: Space Environment, Surface, and Interior (Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, 2001), pp. 90–91
D.E. Smith et al., Science 311, 53 (2006)
S.C. Solomon et al., Planet. Space Sci. 49, 1445–1465 (2001)
A.L. Sprague, D.M. Hunten, K. Lodders, Icarus 118, 211–215 (1995)
A.L. Sprague et al., Icarus 129, 506–527 (1997)
A.L. Sprague, W.J. Schmitt, R.E. Hill, Icarus 136, 60–68 (1998)
A.L. Sprague, J.P. Emery, K.L. Donaldson, R.W. Russell, D.K. Lynch, A.L. Mazuk, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 37, 1255–1268 (2002)
P.D. Spudis, J.E. Guest, in Mercury, ed. by F. Vilas, C.R. Chapman, M.S. Matthews (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1988), pp. 118–164
P.D. Spudis, J.B. Plescia, A.D. Stewart, Lunar Planet. Sci. 25, 1323–1324 (1994)
D.K. Srinivasan, M.E. Perry, K.B. Fielhauer, D.E. Smith, M.T. Zuber, Space Sci. Rev. (2007, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9270-7
L.J. Srnka, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 11, 184–190 (1976)
S. Stanley, J. Bloxham, W.E. Hutchison, M.T. Zuber, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 234, 27–38 (2005)
L.V. Starukhina, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 14701–14710 (2001)
A. Stephenson, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 28, 454–458 (1976)
D.J. Stevenson, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 114–120 (1987)
D.J. Stevenson, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 208, 1–11 (2003)
R.G. Strom, N.J. Trask, J.E. Guest, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 2478–2507 (1975)
H. Svedhem, D. Titov, D. McCoy, J. Rodriguez-Canabal, J. Fabrega, Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 86 (Fall Meeting suppl.) (2005), abstract P23E-01
A.R. Vasavada, D.A. Paige, S.E. Wood, Icarus 141, 179–193 (1999)
F. Vilas, Icarus 64, 133–138 (1985)
J. Warell, S.S. Limaye, Planet. Space Sci. 49, 1531–1552 (2001)
J. Warell, P.-G. Valegård, Astron. Astrophys. 460, 625–633 (2006)
J. Warell, A.L. Sprague, J.P. Emery, R.W.H. Kozlowski, A. Long, Icarus 35, 99–111 (2006)
T.R. Watters, M.S. Robinson, A.C. Cook, Geology 26, 991–994 (1998)
T.R. Watters, R.A. Schultz, M.S. Robinson, A.C. Cook, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 1542 (2002). doi:10.1029/2001GL014308
S.J. Weidenschilling, Icarus 35, 99–111 (1978)
S.J. Weidenschilling, Lunar Planet. Sci. 29 (1998), abstract 1278
S.J. Weidenschilling, J.N. Cuzzi, in Protostars and Planets III, ed. by E.H. Levy, J.I. Lunine (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1993), pp. 1031–1060
G.W. Wetherill, in Mercury, ed. by F. Vilas, C.R. Chapman, M.S. Matthews (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1988), pp. 670–691
G.W. Wetherill, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 4513–4520 (1994)
H.L. Winters et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2007, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9257-4
X. Wu, P.L. Bender, S.J. Peale, G.W. Rosborough, M.A. Vincent, Planet. Space Sci. 45, 15–19 (1997)
C.-W. Yen, Ballistic Mercury orbiter mission via Venus and Mercury gravity assists, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, AIAA 83-346, San Diego, CA (1985)
C.-W. Yen, J. Astronaut. Sci. 37, 417–432 (1989)
M.T. Zuber et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2007, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9265-4
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Solomon, S.C., McNutt, R.L., Gold, R.E. et al. MESSENGER Mission Overview. Space Sci Rev 131, 3–39 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-007-9247-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-007-9247-6