Skip to main content
Log in

College Women’s Attitudes Toward Sex Workers

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Sex Roles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A growing number of women are entering the sex industry as a means of funding their education (Reilly 2008). Many people view sex workers in stereotyped ways, and may discriminate and oppress women who work in the sex industry (Wolffers and van Beelen 2003). This investigation assessed attitudes toward sex work. Two hundred sixty-six women from a primarily woman’s university located in the Southwestern region of the U.S. completed selected items from the Attitudes Toward Prostitution Scale, Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, and Hostility Toward Women Scale. Results indicated that participants who knew a sex worker had less stereotypical attitudes toward sex workers. However, participants with higher levels of social desirability and hostility toward women had more stereotypical attitudes toward sex workers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Albright, D. G., & Chang, A. F. (1976). An examination of how one’s attitudes toward women are reflected in one’s defensiveness and self-esteem. Sex Roles, 2, 195–198. doi:10.1007/BF00287252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amir, Y. (1969). Contact hypothesis in ethnic relations. Psychological Bulletin, 71, 319–342. doi:10.1037/h0027352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barger, S. (2002). The Marlowe-Crowne affair: Short forms, psychometric structure, and social desirability. Journal of Personality Assessment, 79, 286–305. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA7902_11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barth, J., Overby, L. M., & Huffmon, S. H. (2009). Community context, personal contact, and support for an anti-gay rights referendum. Political Research Quarterly, 62, 355–365. doi:10.1177/1065912908317033.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basow, S. A., & Campanile, F. (1990). Attitudes toward prostitution as a function of attitudes toward feminism in college students. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 14, 135–141. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1990.tb00009.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, H., & Masters, R. (1964). Prostitution and morality. New York: Julien.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brents, B. G., & Hausbeck, K. (2005). Violence and legalized brothel prostitution in Nevada: Examining safety, risk, and prostitution policy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 270–295. doi:10.1177/0886260504270333.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brode, T. (2004). A critical analysis and resulting considerations: Psychotherapy with clients working in the sex industry. Dissertation Abstracts International, 65.

  • Brown, R., & Hewstone, M. (2005). An integrative theory of intergroup contact. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 255–343. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(05)37005-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, P. J. (1981). Barriers between women. New York: Spectrum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, B. (2000). Re-thinking prostitution: Feminism, sex, and the self. New York: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, M. (2001). Red light finds its way onto campus. The Times Higher Education Supplement, 1486, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Check, J., Malamuth, N., Elias, B., & Barton, S. (1985). On hostile ground. Psychology Today, 19, 56–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chudakov, B., Ilan, K., Belmaker, R. H., & Cwikel, J. (2002). The motivation and mental health of sex workers. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 28, 305–315. doi:10.1080/00926230290001439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton, A., Farley, M., & Baron, R. (2002). Attitudes toward prostitution and acceptance of rape myths. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 1790–1796. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00259.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Couture, S. M., & Penn, D. L. (2003). Interpersonal contact and the stigma of mental illness: A review of the literature. Journal of Mental Health, 12, 291–305. doi:10.1080/09638231000118276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, G., Neighbors, C., DeLaMoreaux, J., & Behnke, C. (1998). Women’s hostility toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 267–284. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00154.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2, 349–354. doi:10.1037/h0047358.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Emilio, J., & Freedman, E. B. (1988). Intimate matters: A history of sexuality in America. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, H. (1910). Studies in the psychology of sex: Sex in relation to society (Vol. 6). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis.

  • Exner, J. E., Wylie, J., Leura, A., & Parrill, T. (1977). Some psychological characteristics of prostitutes. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41, 474–485. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4105_3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faugier, J., & Sargeant, M. (1997). Boyfriends, ‘pimps’ and clients. In G. Scambler & A. Scambler (Eds.), Rethinking prostitution: Purchasing sex in the 1990s (pp. 121–136). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelbal, S., & Duyan, V. (2006). Attitudes of university students toward lesbians and gay men in Turkey. Sex Roles, 55, 573–579. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9112-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hale, N. M. (1998). Effects of age and interpersonal contact on stereotyping of the elderly. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 17, 28–47. doi:10.1007/s12144-998-1019-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halleck, C. W. (1974). Should prostitution be legalized? Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality, 8, 54–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M. (1991). Stigma, prejudice, and violence against lesbians and gay men. In J. Gonsiorek & J. Weinrich (Eds.), Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy (pp. 60–80). Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M., & Glunt, E. K. (1993). Interpersonal contact and heterosexuals’ attitudes toward gay men: Results from a national survey. The Journal of Sex Research, 30, 239–244. doi:10.1080/00224499309551707.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, B. M. (1992). Uneasy virtue; the politics of prostitution and the American reform tradition (1990). Journal of the History of Sexuality, 2, 487–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, W. (1897). Prostitution as a factor in progress. Med. News, LXX860-862.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivarsson, S., Estrada, A. X., & Berggren, A. W. (2005). Understanding men’s attitudes toward women in the Swedish Armed Forces. Military Psychology, 17, 269–282. doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1704_2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, S., & Otto, D. (1984). From delicacy to dilemma: A feminist perspective on prostitution. In K. Daniels (Ed.), So much hard work: Women and prostitution in Australian history (pp. 366–382). Sydney: Fontana/Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kesler, K. (2002). Is a feminist stance in support of prostitution possible? An exploration of current trends. Sexualities, 5, 219–235. doi:10.1177/1363460702005002005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lantz, S. (2005). Students working in the Melbourne sex industry: Education, human capital and the changing patterns of the youth labor market. Journal of Youth Studies, 8, 385–401. doi:10.1080/13676260500431669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1995). Attitudinal antecedents of rape myth acceptance: A theoretical and empirical reexamination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 704–711. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacWilliams, B. (2002, November 8). Turning tricks for tuition. Chronicle of Higher Education, 49, A48.

  • Marsiglio, W. (1993). Attitudes toward homosexual activity and gays as friends: A national survey of heterosexual 15- to 19-year-old males. The Journal of Sex Research, 30, 12–17. doi:10.1080/00224499309551673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, A. K., & Venkatesh, S. A. (2006). Vice careers: The changing contours of sex work in New York City. Qualitative Sociology, 29, 129–154. doi:10.1007/s11133-006-9012-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Overall, C. (1992). What’s wrong with prostitution? Evaluating sex work. Signs, 17, 1–20. doi:10.1086/494761.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65–85. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reilly, T. (2008). Students turn to sex work to help pay for university. The Age Company Ltd.

  • Rickard, W. (2001). Been there, seen it, done it, I’ve got the t-shirt: British sex workers reflect on jobs, hopes, the future, and retirement. Feminist Review, 67, 111–132. doi:10.1080/01417780150514547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringdal, N., & Agustin, L. (2008). Love for sale: A global history of prostitution (2004). Women's History Review, 17, 299–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R., Golding, J., Towell, T., & Weinreb, I. (1999). The effects of economic circumstances on British students’ mental and physical health. Journal of American College Health, 48, 103–109. doi:10.1080/07448489909595681.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R., Bergstrom, S., & La Rooy, D. (2007). UK students and sex work: Current knowledge and research issues. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 17, 141–146. doi:10.1002/casp.908.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R., Sanders, T., Myers, E., & Smith, D. (2010). Participation in sex work: Students’ views. Sex Education, 10, 145–156. doi:10.1080/14681811003666507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruys, K. I., Dijksterhuis, A., & Corneille, O. (2008). On the (mis)categorization of unattractive brides and attractive prostitutes: Extending evaluative congruency effects to social category activation. Experimental Psychology, 55, 182–188. doi:10.1027/1618-3169.55.3.182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanger, W. (1913). History of prostitution: Its extent, causes and effects throughout the world. New York: The Medical Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scruton, R. (2006). Old profession, new toleration. National Review, 58, 42–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1975). Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 29–39. doi:10.1037/h0076857.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, R. M., Post, S. S., & Rinden, A. L. (2000). Reconciling context and contact effects on racial attitudes. Political Research Quarterly, 53, 285–303. doi:10.1177/106591290005300204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thukral, J., Ditmore, M., & Murphy, A. (2005). Behind closed doors: An analysis of indoor sex work in New York City. New York: Urban Justice Center Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, P. (2008). Is college still worth the price? Money, 37, 12–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weatherall, A., & Priestley, A. (2001). A feminist discourse analysis of sex ‘work’. Feminism & Psychology, 11, 323–340. doi:10.1177/0959353501011003005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Withers, J. (1975). Evaluating prostitution: The feminist dilemma. In J. James et al. (Eds.), The politics of prostitution (pp. 1–36). Seattle: Social Research Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolffers, I., & van Beelen, N. (2003). Public health and the human rights of sex workers. Lancet, 361, 1981. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13594-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, A. M., Boyd, C., & Hubbell, A. (2000). Prostitution, drug use, and coping with psychological distress. Journal of Drug Issues, 30, 789–800.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

Thanks to Lisa Spanierman for her input on the statistical analysis and feedback on an earlier draft.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shelley L. Long.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Long, S.L., Mollen, D. & Smith, N.G. College Women’s Attitudes Toward Sex Workers. Sex Roles 66, 117–127 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0088-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0088-0

Keywords

Navigation