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Strategies and agronomic interventions to improve the phosphorus-use efficiency of farming systems

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Abstract

Phosphorus (P)-deficiency is a significant challenge for agricultural productivity on many highly P-sorbing weathered and tropical soils throughout the world. On these soils it can be necessary to apply up to five-fold more P as fertiliser than is exported in products. Given the finite nature of global P resources, it is important that such inefficiencies be addressed. For low P-sorbing soils, P-efficient farming systems will also assist attempts to reduce pollution associated with P losses to the environment. P-balance inefficiency of farms is associated with loss of P in erosion, runoff or leaching, uneven dispersal of animal excreta, and accumulation of P as sparingly-available phosphate and organic P in the soil. In many cases it is possible to minimise P losses in runoff or erosion. Uneven dispersal of P in excreta typically amounts to ~5% of P-fertiliser inputs. However, the rate of P accumulation in moderate to highly P-sorbing soils is a major contributor to inefficient P-fertiliser use. We discuss the causal edaphic, plant and microbial factors in the context of soil P management, P cycling and productivity goals of farms. Management interventions that can alter P-use efficiency are explored, including better targeted P-fertiliser use, organic amendments, removing other constraints to yield, zone management, use of plants with low critical-P requirements, and modified farming systems. Higher productivity in low-P soils, or lower P inputs in fertilised agricultural systems can be achieved by various interventions, but it is also critically important to understand the agroecology of plant P nutrition within farming systems for improvements in P-use efficiency to be realised.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mark Conyers, Peter Cornish, Keith Helyar and Peter Randall for critical discussion of the ideas expressed in this paper. FAS and SES wish to acknowledge the Australian Research Council, the South Australian Grain Industry Trust and the Waite Research Institute for research support and AO thanks Else Bünemann and Emmanuel Frossard for stimulating discussions. Preparation of the review was funded in part by Meat and Livestock Australia Ltd and CSIRO’s National Research Flagships Program’s Flagship Collaboration Fund which aims to enhance collaboration between CSIRO’s Flagships, Australian universities and other publicly-funded research agencies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CSIRO Sustainable Agriculture National Research Flagship / CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia

    Richard J. Simpson, Richard A. Culvenor & Alan E. Richardson

  2. Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Group of Plant Nutrition, Research Station Eschikon, ETH Zurich, Lindau, Switzerland

    Astrid Oberson

  3. School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia

    Megan H. Ryan, Erik J. Veneklaas & Hans Lambers

  4. Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Jonathan P. Lynch

  5. CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia

    Peter R. Ryan & Emmanuel Delhaize

  6. Soils Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus DX 650 636, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia

    F. Andrew Smith & Sally E. Smith

  7. CSIRO Sustainable Agriculture National Research Flagship / CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia

    Paul R. Harvey

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  1. Richard J. Simpson
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Correspondence to Richard J. Simpson.

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Responsible Editor: Matthias Wissuwa.

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Simpson, R.J., Oberson, A., Culvenor, R.A. et al. Strategies and agronomic interventions to improve the phosphorus-use efficiency of farming systems. Plant Soil 349, 89–120 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0880-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0880-1

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