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Season mediates herbivore effects on litter and soil microbial abundance and activity in a semi-arid woodland

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Abstract

Herbivores can directly impact ecosystem function by altering litter quality of an ecosystem or indirectly by shifting the composition of microbial communities that mediate nutrient processes. We examined the effects of tree susceptibility and resistance to herbivory on litter microarthropod and soil microbial communities to test the general hypothesis that herbivore driven changes in litter inputs and soil microclimate will feedback to the microbial community. Our study population consisted of individual piñon pine trees that were either susceptible or resistant to the stem-boring moth (Dioryctria albovittella) and susceptible piñon pine trees from which the moth herbivores have been manually removed since 1982. Moth herbivory increased piñon litter nitrogen concentrations (16%) and decreased canopy precipitation interception (28%), both potentially significant factors influencing litter and soil microbial communities. Our research resulted in three major findings: (1) In spite of an apparent increase in litter quality, herbivory did not change litter microarthropod abundance or species richness. (2) However, susceptibility to herbivores strongly influenced bulk soil microbial communities (i.e., 52% greater abundance beneath herbivore-resistant and herbivore-removal trees than susceptible trees) and alkaline phosphatase activity (i.e., 412% increase beneath susceptible trees relative to other groups). (3) Season had a strong influence on microbial communities (i.e., microbial biomass and alkaline phosphatase activity increased after the summer rains), and their response to herbivore inputs, in this semi-arid ecosystem. Thus, during the dry season plant resistance and susceptibility to a common insect herbivore had little or no observable effects on the belowground organisms and processes we studied, but after the rains, some pronounced effects emerged.

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Acknowledgements

We thank M. Dickerson and J. DeMarco, who helped with sample collection and analysis. S. Boyle and D. Guido assisted with enzyme analysis. S. Chapman assisted with field and laboratory work. G. Crutsinger gave insightful comments on the manuscript. G. Newman and P. Selmants gave useful soil information. NSF grants (DEB9816001, DEB0236204), a NAU undergraduate Hooper fellowship awarded to J. Demarco and M. Dickerson, fellowships awarded to A.T. Classen from the Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research and the American Association of University Women, and the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research Program funded this work. ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA

    Aimée T. Classen, George W. Koch & Thomas G. Whitham

  2. Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6422, USA

    Aimée T. Classen

  3. Rocky Mt. Research St., USFS, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA

    Steven T. Overby

  4. School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA

    Stephen C. Hart

  5. Merriam Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA

    Stephen C. Hart, George W. Koch & Thomas G. Whitham

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  1. Aimée T. Classen
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Correspondence to Aimée T. Classen.

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Classen, A.T., Overby, S.T., Hart, S.C. et al. Season mediates herbivore effects on litter and soil microbial abundance and activity in a semi-arid woodland. Plant Soil 295, 217–227 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9277-6

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