Abstract
This study explores the influence of three factors on a person’s decision to drive in winter weather: destination, affected area, and caution level. Participants (n = 555) completed an online survey that included scenarios with text of a simulated radio message involving a character named Mike. After the scenario, participants answered Likert-scaled questions related to their intention to drive (what would you do) and their recommended behavior for others (what should Mike do). There was a significant effect of destination and caution level on the decision to drive. Participants were more likely to respond that they would drive if the destination was work rather than dinner, and if the caution statement was “exercise caution” rather than “do not drive.” There were similar significant effects of destination and caution level on what the scenario character should do. It is recommended that a clear directive be included in warning messages to encourage drivers to stay off the roadways during hazardous weather.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aguirre BE (1988) The lack of warnings before the Saragosa tornado. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 6(1):65–74
Ajzen I, Fishbein M (1977) Attitude–behavior relations: a theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychol Bull 84(5):888–918
Andreescu MP, Frost DB (1998) Weather and traffic accidents in Montreal, Canada. Clim Res 9(3):225–230
Andrey J, Mills B, Leahy M, Suggett J (2003) Weather as a chronic hazard for road transportation in Canadian cities. Nat Hazards 28(2–3):319–343
Andrey J, Hambly D, Mills B, Afrin S (2013) Insights into driver adaptation to inclement weather in Canada. J Trans Geogr 28:192–203
Ashley WS, Strader S, Dziubla DC, Haberlie A (2015) Driving blind: weather-related vision hazards and fatal motor vehicle crashes. B Am Meteorol Soc 96(5):755–778
Baker EJ (1991) Hurricane evacuation behavior. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 9(2):287–310
Barnes LR, Gruntfest EC, Hayden MH, Schultz DM, Benight C (2007) False alarms and close calls: a conceptual model of warning accuracy. Weather Forecast 22(5):1140–1147
Breznitz S (1984) Cry wolf: the psychology of false alarms. Psychology Press, Florence
Call D (2005) Rethinking snowstorms as snow events. B Am Meterol Soc 86(12):1783–1793
Cerruti BJ, Decker SG (2011) The local winter storm scale: a measure of the intrinsic ability of winter storms to disrupt society. B Am Meterol Soc 92(6):721–737
Changnon SA (2007) Catastrophic winter storms: an escalating problem. Clim Change 84:131–139
Colfelt TA, Smith FLM, Sollitto M, Payne A (2009) Using sensemaking to understand victims’ responses to a natural disaster. Northwest J Commun 39(1):11–35
Cools M, Moons E, Creemers L, Wets G (2010) Changes in travel behavior in response to weather conditions: do type of weather and trip purpose matter? Transp Res Record 2157:22–28
Cyders MA, Smith GT (2008) Clarifying the role of personality dispositions in risk for increased gambling behavior. Pers Indiv Differ 45(6):503–508
Dash N, Gladwin H (2007) Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: individual and household. Nat Hazards Rev 8(3):69–77
Dia H (2002) An agent-based approach to modelling driver route choice behviour under the influence of real-time information. Transp Res C Emerg 10(5–6):331–349
Drobot S (2008) Driving decisions related to the Colorado Front range winter storm. In: Fourth national conference on surface transportation weather, Indianapolis, pp 597–607
Drobot SD, Benight C, Gruntfest EC (2007) Risk factors for driving into flooded roads. Environ Hazards 7(3):227–234
Drobot SD, Schmidt C, Demuth J (2008) The january 5–6, 2008, California winter storm: assessing information sources, actions, and damages. Quick response #207. http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/research/qr/submitted/drobot_2008.pdf. Accessed 28 Mar 2016
Drobot S, Anderson ARS, Burghardt C, Pisano P (2014) U.S. public preferences for weather and road condition information. B Am Meterol Soc 95(6):849–859
Eisenberg D, Warner KE (2005) Effects of snowfalls on motor vehicle collisions, injuries, and fatalities. Am J Public Health 95(1):120–124
Fitzpatrick C, Mileti DS (1991) Motivating public evacuation. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 9(2):137–152
Hoekstra S, Butterworth R, Kim Klockow D, Brotzge J, Erickson S (2011) A social perspective of warn on forecast: ideal tornado warning lead time and the general public’s perceptions of weather risks. Weather Clim Soc 3:128–140
Kalkstein AJ, Sheridan SC (2007) The social impacts of the heat–health watch/warning system in Phoenix, Arizona: assessing the perceived risk and response of the public. Int J Biometerol 52(1):43–55
Khattak A (1991) Driver response to unexpected travel conditions: effect of traffic information and other factors. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Springer, Evanston, Illinois
Khattak AJ, De Palma A (1997) The impact of adverse weather conditions on the propensity to change travel decisions: a survey of Brussels commuters. Transp Res A-Policy 31(3):181–203
Kievek M, Gutteling JM (2011) Yes, we can: motivate Dutch citizens to engage in self-protective behavior with regard to flood risks. Nat Hazards 59(3):1475–1490
Kilpelainen M, Summala H (2007) Effects of weather and weather forecasts on driver behavior. Transp Res F-Traffic 10(4):288–299
Kocin PJ, Uccellini LW (2004) A snowfall impact scale derived from Northeast storm snowfall distributions. B Am Meterol Soc 85(2):177–194
Kunkel KE, Pielke RA Jr, Changnon SA (1999) Temporal fluctuations in weather and climate extremes that cause economic and human health impacts: a review. B Am Meterol Soc 80(6):1077–1098
LeClerc J, Joslyn S (2015) The cry wolf effect and weather-related decision making. Risk Anal 35(3):385–395
Lindell MK, Hwang SN (2008) Households’ perceived personal risk and responses in a multi-hazard environment. Risk Anal 28(2):539–556
Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. Communicating effectively in multicultural contexts, vol 7. Sage Publications Inc., Thousand Oaks, p 272
Machin MA, Sankey KS (2008) Relationships between young drivers’ personality characteristics, risk perception, and driving behaviour. Accid Anal Prev 40(2):541–547
Mannering FL, Hamed MM (1990) Occurence, frequency, and duration of commuters’ work-to-home departure delay. Transp Res B Methodol 24(2):99–109
Mannering F, Kim S-G, Barfield W, Ng L (1994) Statistical analysis of commuters’ route, mode, and departure time flexibility. Transp Res C Emerg 2(1):35–47
Mayhorn CB, McLaughlin AC (2014) Warning the world of extreme events: a global perspective on risk communication for natural and technological disaster. Saf Sci 61:43–50
Maze TH, Agarwal M, Burchett G (2006) Whether weather matters to traffic demand, traffic safety, and traffic operations flow. Transp Res Rec 1948:170–176
Mileti DS, O’Brien PW (1992) Warnings during disaster: normalizing communicated risk. Soc Probl 39(1):40–56
Mileti DS, Peek L (2000) The social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accident. J Hazard Mater 75(2):181–194
Montz BE, Galluppi KJ, Losego JL, Smith CF (2015) Winter weather decision-making: north Carolina school closures, 2010–2011. Meteorol Appl 22(3):323–333
Nagele DE, Trainor JE (2012) Geographic specificity, tornadoes, and protective action. Weather Clim Soc 4(2):145–155
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2015) U.S. climate regions. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/maps/us-climate-regions.php. Accessed 04 Dec 2015
Noland RB, Small KA, Koskenoja PM, Chu X (1998) Simulating travel reliability. Reg Sci Urban Econ 28(5):535–564
Norrman J, Eriksson M, Lindqvist S (2000) Relationships between road slipperiness, traffic accident risk and winter road maintenance activity. Clim Res 15(3):185–193
Pingel N, Jones C, Ford D (2005) Estimating forecast lead time. Nat Hazards Rev 6(2):60–66
Rhodes N, Pivik K (2011) Age and gender differences in risky driving: the roles of positive affect and risk perception. Accid Anal Prev 43(3):923–931
Riad JK, Norris FH, Ruback RB (1999) Predicting evacuation in two major disasters: risk perception, social influence, and access to resources. J Appl Soc Pscyhol 29(5):918–934
Ripberger JT, Silva CL, Jenkins-Smith HC, Carlson DE, James M, Herron KG (2015) False alarms and missed events: the impact and origins of perceived inaccuracy in tornado warning systems. Risk Anal 35(1):44–56
Rooney JF (1967) The urban snow hazard in the United States: an appraisal of disruption. Geogr Rev 57(4):538–559
Rutty M, Andrey J (2014) Weather forecast use for winter recreation. Weather Clim Soc 6(3):293–306
Sharma U, Patt A (2012) Disaster warning response: the effects of different types of personal experience. Nat Hazards 60(2):409–423
Sherman-Morris K (2013) The public response to hazardous weather events: 25 years of research. Geogr Compass 7(10):669–685
Simmons KM, Sutter D (2009) False alarms, tornado warnings, and tornado casualties. Weather Clim Soc 1(1):38–53
Slovic P (1987) Perceptions of risk. Science 236(4799):280–285
Smith SK, McCarty C (2009) Fleeing the storm(s): an examination of evacuation behavior during Florida’s 2004 hurricane season. Demography 46(1):27–145
Sorensen JH (2000) Hazard warning systems: review of 20 years of progress. Nat Hazards Rev 1(2):119–125
Strawderman L, Salehi A, Babski-Reeves K, Thornton-Neaves T, Cosby A (2012) Effectiveness of reverse 911 warning systems. Nat Hazards Rev 13(1):65–73
Strong CK, Ye Z, Shi X (2010) Safety effects of winter weather: the state of knowledge and remaining challenges. Transp Rev 30(6):677–699
United States Department of Agriculture (2013) Rural–urban continuum codes. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-continuum-codes.aspx. Accessed 04 Dec 2015
Vihalemm T, Kiisel M, Harro-Loit H (2012) Citizens’ response patterns to warning messages. J of Conting Crisis Man 20(1):13–25
Vogt B, Sorenson J (1992) Preparing EBS messages, ORNL/TM-12163. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge
Watling D (2006) User equilibrium traffic network assignment with stochastic travel times and late arrival penalty. Eur J Oper Res 175(3):1539–1556
West R, French D, Kemp R, Lander J (1993) Direct observation of driving, self reports of driving behaviour, and accident involvement. Ergonomics 36(5):557–567
Whitehead JC, Edwards B, Van Willigen M, Maiolo JR, Wilson K, Smith KT (2000) Heading for higher ground: factors affecting real and hypothetical hurricane evacuation behavior. Glob Environ Change B Environ Hazards 2(4):133–142
Yannis G, Kanellopoulou A, Aggeloussi K, Tsamboulas D (2005) Modeling driver choices towards accident risk reduction. Saf Sci 43(3):173–186
Zanni AM, Ryley TJ (2015) The impact of extreme weather conditions on long distance travel behavior. Transp Res A-Policy 77:305–319
Zhang F, Morss RE, Sippel JA, Beckman TK, Clements NC, Hampshire NL, Harvey JN, Hernandez JM, Morgan ZC, Mosier RM, Wang S, Winkley SD (2007) An in-person survey investigating public perceptions of and responses to Hurricane Rita forecasts along the Texas Coast. Weather Forecast 22(6):1177–1190
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Strawderman, L., Carruth, D.W., Sherman-Morris, K. et al. Individual transportation decisions under conditions of risk and uncertainty. Nat Hazards 92, 927–942 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3232-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3232-0