Abstract
Bixin is an apocarotenoid obtained from the seed aril of Bixa orellana L., a tropical plant known as achiote in Mexico. This compound is the second most commonly used natural colouring for food and pharmaceutical industries. B. orellana is an outcrossing species that displays high genetic variability. Recently, the colour traits of sexual organs were associated with the biosynthesis and accumulation of bixin in mature seeds. Herein, we describe a new approach for genotype–phenotype association by surveying lycopene beta-cyclase (Boβ-LCY1) gene variation in sixteen achiote accessions divided into three groups according to contrasting traits, such as flower colour, fruit colour and bixin production. Using a combination of single-strand conformational polymorphism techniques and the sequencing of polymorphic bands, we identified several single-nucleotide polymorphisms that divided the accessions into three haplotypes. Surprisingly, we observed that these three haplotypes were consistent with the same three groups previously characterized by phenotypic traits. We derived a putative sequence for the Boβ-LCY1 gene and surveyed the variations in this sequence. The heterozygosity of Boβ-LCY1 alleles resulted in a higher bixin content, likely associated with heterosis for this metabolite. These findings augment the toolbox available for the selection and genetic improvement of B. orellana and provide a reliable phenotype–genotype association method for commercial varietal selection, contributing to the development of laboratory techniques to identify desirable traits of commercial plant species.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ambrósio Moreira P, Lins J, Dequigiovanni G, Veasey EA, Clement CR (2015) The domestication of Annatto (Bixa orellana) from Bixa urucurana in Amazonia. Econ Bot 69:127–135. doi:10.1007/s12231-015-9304-0
Arce J (1999) El achiote Bixa orellana L. Cultivo promisorio para el trópico, 1a ed, Earth, Turrialba, Costa Rica
Auldridge ME, McCarty DR, Klee HJ (2006) Plant carotenoid cleavage oxygenases and their apocarotenoid products. Curr Opin Plant Biol 9:315–321. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2006.03.005
Avendaño-Arrázate C, Pinzón-López L, Mendoza-López A, Campos-Rojas E, Correa-Navarro PJ, Godoy-Hernández G, Mijangos-Cortés J, Rivera-Madrid R (2012) Rescate y conservación del Achiote (Bixa orellana L.) en México. Agroproductividad 5:3–8
Bang H, Kim S, Leskovar D, King S (2007) Development of a codominant CAPS marker for allelic selection between canary yellow and red watermelon based on SNP in lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) gene. Mol Breed 20:63–72. doi:10.1007/s11032-006-9076-4
Bassam B, Caetano-Anolles G, Gresshoff P (1991) Fast and sensitive silver staining of DNA in polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 196:80–83
Birchler JA, Yao H, Chudalayandi S, Vaiman D, Veitia RA (2010) Heterosis. Plant Cell 22:2105–2112. doi:10.1105/tpc.110.076133
Bouvier F, d’Harlingue A, Camara B (1997) Molecular analysis of carotenoid cyclase inhibition. Arch Biochem Biophys 346:53–64. doi:10.1006/abbi.1997.0278
Bouvier F, Dogbo O, Camara B (2003) Biosynthesis of the food and cosmetic plant pigment bixin (Annatto). Science 300:2089–2091
Cárdenas-Conejo Y, Carballo-Uicab V, Lieberman M, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Comai L, Rivera-Madrid R (2015) De novo transcriptome sequencing in Bixa orellana to identify genes involved in methylerythritol phosphate, carotenoid and bixin biosynthesis. BMC Genom 16:877. doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2065-4
Cazzonelli CI, Pogson BJ (2010) Source to sink: regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. Rev Trends Plant Sci 15:266–274. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2010.02.003
Cunningham FX Jr, Gantt E (1998) Genes and enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49:557–583. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.557
Cunningham FX Jr, Pogson B, Sun Z, McDonald KA, DellaPenna D, Gantt E (1996) Functional analysis of the beta and epsilon lycopene cyclase enzymes of Arabidopsis reveals a mechanism for control of cyclic carotenoid formation. Plant Cell 8:1613–1626
De Almeida P, Carvalho C, Clarindo WR (2006) Classical and molecular cytogenetic tools to resolve the Bixa karyotypes. Cytologia 71:391–398
Devitt LC, Fanning K, Dietzgen RG, Holton TA (2010) Isolation and functional characterization of a lycopene β-cyclase gene that controls fruit colour of papaya (Carica papaya L.). J Exp Bot 61:33–39. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp284
Ding H, Qin C, Luo X, Li L, Chen Z, Liu H, Gao J, Lin H, Shen Y, Zhao M, Lübberstedt T, Zhang Z, Pan G (2014) Heterosis in early maize ear inflorescence development: a genome-wide transcription analysis for two maize inbred lines and their hybrid. Int J Mol Sci 15:13892–13915. doi:10.3390/ijms150813892
East EM (1936) Heterosis. Genetics 21:375–397
Emanuelsson O, Brunak S, Gv Heijne, Nielsen H (2007) Locating proteins in the cell using TargetP, SignalP, and related tools. Nat Prot 2:953–971
Fiévet JB, Dillmann C, de Vienne D (2010) Systemic properties of metabolic networks lead to an epistasis-based model for heterosis. Theor Appl Genet 120:463–473. doi:10.1007/s00122-009-1203-2
Frusciante S, Diretto G, Bruno M, Ferrante P, Pietrella M, Prado-Cabrero A, Rubio-Moraga A, Beyer P, Gomez-Gomez L, Al-Babili S, Giuliano G (2014) Novel carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase catalyzes the first dedicated step in saffron crocin biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:12246–12251. doi:10.1073/pnas.1404629111
Giuliano G, Rosati C, Bramley PM (2003) To dye or not to dye: biochemistry of annatto unveiled. Trends Biotechnol 21:513–516. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2003.10.001
Godoy-Hernández G (2000) El achiote una especie subexplotada. Cienc y Desarro 26:34–39
Grillo G, Turi A, Licciulli F, Mignone F, Liuni S, Banfi S, Gennarino VA, Horner DS, Pavesi G, Picardi E, Pesole G (2010) UTRdb and UTRsite (RELEASE 2010): a collection of sequences and regulatory motifs of the untranslated regions of eukaryotic mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 38:D75–D80. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp902
Ha SH, Kim JB, Park JS, Lee SW, Cho KJ (2007) A comparison of the carotenoid accumulation in Capsicum varieties that show different ripening colours: deletion of the capsanthin-capsorubin synthase gene is not a prerequisite for the formation of a yellow pepper. J Exp Bot 58:3135–3144. doi:10.1093/jxb/erm132
Hanson L, McMahon KA, Johnson MAT, Bennett MD (2001) First Nuclear DNA C-values for 25 Angiosperm Families. Ann Bot 88:851–858. doi:10.1006/anbo.2000.1325
Harjes CE, Rocheford TR, Bai L, Brutnell TP, Bermudez-Kandianis C, Sowinski SG, Stapleton AE, Vallabhaneni R, Williams M, Wurtzel ET, Yan J, Buckler ES (2008) Natural genetic variation in lycopene epsilon cyclase tapped for maize biofortification. Science 319:330–333. doi:10.1126/Science.1150255
Hayashi K (1991) PCR-SSCP: a simple and sensitive method for detection of mutations in the genomic DNA. PCR Methods Appl 1:34–38
Huang H-Y, Chien C-H, Jen K-H, Huang H-D (2006) RegRNA: an integrated web server for identifying regulatory RNA motifs and elements. Nucleic Acids Res 34:W429–W434. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl333
Hugueney P, Badillo A, Chen HC, Klein A, Hirschberg J, Camara B, Kuntz M (1995) Metabolism of cyclic carotenoids: a model for the alteration of this biosynthetic pathway in Capsicum annuum chromoplasts. Plant J 8:417–424
Jako C, Coutu C, Roewer I, Reed DW, Pelcher LE, Covello PS (2002) Probing carotenoid biosynthesis in developing seed coats of Bixa orellana (Bixaceae) through expressed sequence tag analysis. Plant Sci 163:141–145
Jones DT, Taylor WR, Thornton JM (1992) The rapid generation of mutation data matrices from protein sequences. Comput Appl Biosci 8:275–282. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/8.3.275
Kumar P, Henikoff S, Ng PC (2009) Predicting the effects of coding non-synonymous variants on protein function using the SIFT algorithm. Nat Protoc 4:1073–1081. doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.86
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 22DDCT Method. Methods 25:402–408. doi:10.1006/meth.2001.1262
Lombello RA, Pinto-Maglio CAF (2014) Cytogenetics and reproductive biology of Bixa orellana L. (Bixaceae). Cytologia 79:379–386
Maxam AM, Gilbert W (1977) A new method for sequencing DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:560–564
Mckeown G, Mark F (1962) The composition of oil soluble annatto food colour. J Assoc Agric Chem 45:761–766
Miura K, Lee J, Jin JB, Yoo CY, Miura T, Hasegawa PM (2009) Sumoylation of ABI5 by the Arabidopsis SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 negatively regulates abscisic acid signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:5418–5423. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811088106
Moise AR, Al-Babili S, Wurtzel ET (2014) Mechanistic aspects of carotenoid biosynthesis. Chem Rev 114:164–193
Moreno JC, Pizarro L, Fuentes P, Handford M, Cifuentes V, Stange C (2013) Levels of lycopene b-cyclase 1 modulate carotenoid gene expression and accumulation in Daucus carota. PLoS ONE 8:e58144–e58144. doi:10.1371/journalpone.0058144
Nisar N, Li L, Lu S, Khin NC, Pogson BJ (2015) Carotenoid metabolism in plants. Mol Plant 8:68–82
Orita M, Iwahana H, Kanazawa H, Hayashi K, Sekiya T (1989) Detection of polymorphisms of human DNA by gel electrophoresis as single-strand conformation polymorphisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:2766–2770. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.8.2766
Park HJ, Kim WY, Park HC, Lee SY, Bohnert HJ, Yun DJ (2011) SUMO and SUMOylation in plants. Mol Cells 32:305–316. doi:10.1007/s10059-011-0122-7
Pecker I, Gubbay R, Cunningham FX Jr, Hirschberg J (1996) Cloning and characterisation of the cDNA for lycopene ß-cyclase from tomato reveals a decrease in its expression during tomato ripening. Plant Mol Biol 30:806–819
Pfander H, Schurtenberger H (1982) Biosynthesis of C20-carotenoids in Crocus sativus. Phytochemistry 21:1039–1042
Rivera-Madrid R, Escobedo-GM RM, Balam-Galera E, Vera-Ku M, Harries H (2006) Preliminary studies toward genetic improvement of annatto (Bixa orellana L.). Sci Hortic (Amsterdam) 109:165–172. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2006.03.011
Rodríguez-Ávila NL, Narváez-Zapata JA, Aguilar-Espinosa ML, Rivera-Madrid R (2009) Full-length gene enrichment by using an optimized RNA isolation protocol in Bixa orellana recalcitrant tissues. Mol Biotechnol 42:84–90. doi:10.1007/s12033-008-9138-4
Rodríguez-Ávila NL, Narváez-Zapata JA, Aguilar-espinosa ML, Rivera-Madrid R (2011) Regulation of pigment-related genes during flower and fruit development of Bixa orellana. Plant Mol Biol Report 29:43–50. doi:10.1007/s11105-010-0207-z
Ronen G, Carmel-Goren L, Zamir D, Hirschberg J (2000) An alternative pathway to β-carotene formation in plant chromoplasts discovered by map-based cloning of β and old-gold color mutations in tomato. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:11102–11107. doi:10.1073/pnas.190177497
Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York
Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S (2011) MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28:2731–2739. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr121
Valdez-Ojeda R, Hernández-Stefanoni JL, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Ortiz R, Quiros CF, Rivera-Madrid R (2008) Assessing morphological and genetic variation in annatto (Bixa orellana L.) by sequence-related amplified polymorphism and cluster analysis. HortScience 43:2013–2017
Valdez-Ojeda R, Quiros CF, Aguilar-Espinosa MdL, Rivera-Madrid R (2010) Outcrossing rates in annatto determined by sequence-related amplified polymorphism. Agron J 102:1340–1345. doi:10.2134/agronj2009.0510
Yuan H, Zhang J, Nageswaran D, Li L (2015) Carotenoid metabolism and regulation in horticultural crops. Horticulture Research 2:15036. doi:10.1038/hortres.2015.36
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported through grants from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) with Grant No. 46541, 98508, 220259. UC Mexus-CONACYT. J.A. Trujillo-Hernandez, P. Escobar Turriza, Y. Cárdenas-Conejo and LE. Garza-Caligaris were supported through CONACYT: MSc. Grants 254639 and 338189 and the postdoctoral Grant 290754, respectively. Victor Carballo-Uicab was supported by CONACYT PhD Grant 265369. The authors would also like to thank Dr. JA Huerta-Ocampo and Dr. C. Quiros for comments on the manuscript and anonymous reviewers for improving the manuscript. Work in the Comai laboratory was supported through a grant from the Mars Company.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Trujillo-Hdz, J.A., Cárdenas-Conejo, Y., Turriza, P.E. et al. Functional polymorphism in lycopene beta-cyclase gene as a molecular marker to predict bixin production in Bixa orellana L. (achiote). Mol Breeding 36, 135 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-016-0555-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-016-0555-y